标题:Evolving with Open Worlds: Towards Recursive Self-Improvement for Future Forecasting
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29784
摘要:Most contemporary artificial intelligence (AI) systems are released with frozen parameters and improve through external updates, whereas an ideal system would keep improving from its own experience, a capacity we call recursive self-improvement (RSI). Yet studying RSI requires an environment that is continuously changing, objectively verifiable, and naturally grounded, posing a fundamental challenge for agent evolution. Here we introduce DeepEvolve, a sustainable evolution agent system grounded in future event prediction, in which agents continuously interact with a dynamically evolving environment and improve by internalizing and externalizing the experience gained through these interactions. A living environment synthesizes verifiable tasks, and a recursive-evolution engine turns the rea
标题:FlashNext-RL: A System Optimization Study for Long-Horizon Agentic RL of Qwen3.8-Flash-Next
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28998
摘要:Long-horizon agentic reinforcement learning (RL) requires both efficient rollout generation and training on long sequences. However, the memory requirements and model-specific operators of Qwen3.8-Flash-Next make this difficult with existing open-source implementations. To resolve these limitations, we introduce FlashNext-RL, a model-specific RL training optimization framework based on prime-rl, with vLLM for software engineering (SWE) rollout generation. Our main focus is BF16 training of the full 48-layer model on a single 8xB200 node, with the first two layers, the n-gram table, the sparse-attention indexer and the multi-token prediction head frozen. We optimize host offload, gradient accumulation and the kernels for mixture-of-experts, sparse attention and the gated residual stream. In
标题:Environment Duels: A Microcosm of LLM Co-Evolution
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30116
摘要:Through a tangle of real-world interactions, from synthetic training pipelines to data shared on the open web, frontier LLMs absorb what their predecessors and competitors create. How well does each model play its role in this ecosystem, as a creator and as a solver? We introduce Environment Duels, a dynamic agentic benchmark that evaluates both capabilities on interactive environments. Each model writes environments, each with a privileged hint, aiming for tasks that capable solvers fail without the hint and pass with it. Across nine frontier LLMs, solving and authoring prove to be distinct skills: the strongest solvers are not the strongest authors, while smaller models learn more from how others played and write the hardest environments and the most useful hints. Beyond the scores, the
研究在一段包含 419 轮对话和 152 个问题的 LoCoMo 样本上,对比全上下文、BM25、Mem0、Zep,以及 Pi、Codex、Claude Code 三类编程智能体。Mem0 仅在搭配 GPT-4o-mini 时优于全上下文,且其记忆构建成本已超过一次完整的全上下文推理。预写式记忆还受制于写入模型的能力上限:较弱模型遗漏的信息无法由更强的读取模型恢复。搭配 Claude Opus 5.5 时,Pi 以不到全上下文一半的成本达到 99% 准确率,位于成本—准确率前沿,但该结论仅基于单段对话及每个配置一次运行。
用途与启示
评估记忆系统时应同时核算记忆构建、存储检索与回答阶段的总成本,而非只比较最终准确率。
对能力较强且具备工具调用能力的智能体,保留原始历史并按需搜索可能优于预先压缩或结构化记忆。
记忆写入会形成不可逆的信息瓶颈,写入模型能力应与后续读取模型共同纳入系统设计。
当前实验规模较小,相关结论仍需在更多对话、任务和重复运行中验证。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:MemoryTax: The Bitter Lesson of Agent Memory
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29823
摘要:Agent memory systems such as Mem0 and Zep decide what to keep before any question arrives; coding agents keep the raw history and let the model search it with its own tools. We ask whether designed memory still helps once the model is strong enough to search for itself. On one LoCoMo conversation (419 turns, 152 questions), we run four memory methods (full context, BM25, Mem0, Zep) and three coding agents (Pi, Codex, Claude Code), each with GPT-4o-mini, GPT-6 Luna and Claude Opus 5.5, and record what every rollout costs. This is a short empirical study, with one conversation and one run per cell. Agent memory is a costly patch for a weak model: Mem0 beats full context only with GPT-4o-mini, and its build alone costs more than a whole full-context rollout. Agent memory also has a ceiling, s
FrontierCS 2从论文配套代码中删除核心贡献,要求智能体在继承的可运行代码仓库中重新实现该贡献,并以原作者代码作为人类参考基线。基准包含48项开放式任务,覆盖机器学习系统、高性能计算、数据库、安全和机器人等13个领域,另有超过100项私有任务计划后续发布。智能体可多次提交补丁并获得开发测试集分数,但评估器、最终隐藏测试集和参考实现均不公开,以降低针对评测的过拟合风险。对12种智能体的评测显示,Claude Opus 5.5表现最佳,但运行通过率仅为58%,且有16项任务没有任何一次运行通过。
用途与启示
为计算机科学研发智能体提供比单次程序生成更接近真实研究环境的评测方式。
通过私有参考实现与隐藏最终测试集,降低基准污染、测试集投机和过拟合的影响。
结果表明综合得分超过人类参考并不等同于完整通过,研发智能体仍需提升跨指标、跨工作负载的可靠性。
可用于比较代码智能体、科研智能体及其脚手架在仓库级开放任务中的能力边界。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:FrontierCS 2: A Benchmark for Computer Science R&D
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29932
摘要:Can LLM agents make contributions to frontier computer science R&D? We introduce FrontierCS 2, a benchmark of 48 open-ended tasks. We take a paper and the code its authors released and delete the paper's contribution. The deleted code becomes the human reference that sets the bar. Earlier open-ended benchmarks give each agent a problem statement and grade one program after the run. FrontierCS 2 places the agent inside a research environment. The agent inherits a working repository and may submit a patch at any point. For each patch, a judge returns a development-suite score but keeps the evaluator, the held-out final suite and the reference private, and grades the final submission on that suite against the reference. The tasks span 13 domains, from machine-learning systems and high-perform
标题:Cache Engineering for Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28577
摘要:Large Language Model (LLM) agents can handle increasingly complex tasks, navigating long trajectories of observations and actions. As these trajectories grow, key-value (KV) cache I/O and storage become the dominant cost. Trajectories can also exceed the LLM's maximum context length, requiring control over active cache growth. Prior work uses context engineering to reduce cache size by trimming or summarizing history. However, modifying the trajectory prefix invalidates subsequent cached states and triggers costly re-prefilling of retained context. Task accuracy can also suffer when too little context is retained to limit re-prefill costs. We propose cache engineering as a new scheme. It allows agents to directly control their active KV cache without modifying the trajectory or re-prefilli
[合并自 2026-10-23 kv-cache]
[智能体缓存工程(113 ▲)](https://huggingface.co/papers/2610.28577?utm_source=digest-papers&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=2026-10-22)
标题:SWE-DIVE: Multi-Turn Coding Agent Evaluation with Dynamic User Simulation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30047
摘要:Coding agents are typically evaluated using one-shot, well-formulated prompts. Benchmarks such as SWE-bench use existing GitHub issues as input for a coding agent and evaluate whether the agent successfully solves the task. However, in real-world use cases, prompts are often not as well-formulated or structured as existing GitHub issues. Additionally, a coding agent session is not limited to a single prompt; it typically involves a multi-turn interaction in which the user iteratively adds new tasks and requirements that the agent must fulfill. To benchmark these abilities, we developed SWE-DIVE, a dynamic, interactive validation and evaluation framework for benchmarking coding agents in a multi-turn environment. To achieve this, we introduce a user simulator that can simulate different beh
标题:LongZero: Enhancing Long-Context Reasoning in LLMs from Zero Data
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30132
摘要:Reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective way to strengthen the long-context reasoning of large language models (LLMs), but it needs training data that are long, diverse, challenging, and verifiable. Human annotation of such data is expensive, naturally occurring data are too scarce to sustain RL, and existing synthesis methods depend on external corpora or stronger teacher models, which become harder to obtain as the trained models get stronger. Recently, RL from zero data, in which a model learns from tasks it proposes itself, has achieved excellent performance, but existing methods target short-context tasks. Therefore, we propose $\textbf{LongZero}$, a method that lets an LLM improve its own long-context reasoning without any external data. Instead of writing questions and answers ov
标题:Mitigating Model Collapse through Dreaming Learning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30009
摘要:Training generative models on synthetic data causes loss of diversity and a decrease in performance, a phenomenon known as model collapse. We study this degeneration spectrally in a controlled Markov setting. The eigenvalue spectrum of the learned transition operator offers a direct view of the process, since the subdominant eigenvalues set how fast the chain mixes and therefore how much of the state space it continues to explore. We find that sampling at temperature $T_s < 1$ acts on the operator like repeated sharpening, pushing it toward a deterministic system: the subdominant eigenvalues approach the unit circle and the spectral gap narrows. When $T_s < 1$, even data accumulation does not appear to arrest this drift. We then analyze Dreaming Learning, a regulariser that, in parallel wi
标题:Uni-Mem: Learning a Long-Horizon Agentic Memory Manager with Unified Online Policy Optimization
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29671
摘要:Long-term agent memory is shifting from predefined workflows toward learnable policies for memory construction and retrieval. Existing learning-based methods either optimize construction alone or combine retrieval-side online reinforcement learning (RL) with offline construction supervision, limiting co-adaptation between the two stages. In this paper, we explore end-to-end online RL for a unified memory manager (Uni-Mem) that learns both capabilities under a shared policy. However, joint optimization with existing RL algorithms such as GRPO faces confounded group comparisons and sparse feedback over long memory-management trajectories. To this end, we propose Stage-Decoupled GRPO, which alternates construction and retrieval optimization while controlling variation from the other stage wit
标题:Our Own Jev: Typed Decisions in One Forward Pass, from an In-House Judge to Open LoRA Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29052
摘要:A typed decision maps evidence, a question and a fixed set of options to a probability for every option, computed in one forward pass, by reading a language model's logits or a small head over its hidden states, instead of generating and parsing text. The commercial system Jev popularised this System~1 interface, and open reproductions have followed. We report two uses of the pattern. \emph{Part I} describes an in-house System~1 judge that triages about 148K agentic coding session records for a training corpus. It replaces a frontier LLM judge that cost on the order of \$1,000 per pass and whose stored labels matched a fresh two-judge consensus on only 26.9\% of the sessions where the two judges agreed; a self-hosted frozen backbone with a rank-16 LoRA adapter and a pointer head answers th
标题:Parallel AI Agent Collaboration as Graph-Structured Distributed Block Optimization
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30074
摘要:Parallel AI agents can produce useful local edits yet degrade a shared solution when their edits are combined. We model this coordination problem as discrete block optimization with an exactly evaluable objective and a known dependency graph. Independent sets certify compatible edits whose verified gains, measured against the same current solution, add exactly. A coordinator constructs a safe compatible candidate and can also evaluate interacting edits to capture favorable interactions. We prove that an optimal fractional coloring yields a merger that preserves a $1/χ_f(G)$ fraction of the total verified local improvement, where $χ_f(G)$ is the graph's fractional chromatic number. This guarantee is tight among mergers that select a subset of the same proposals. Under conditional local-impr
标题:Credit Where Credit Is Due: Contrastive Attribution Topology Search for Multi-Agent Systems
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29292
摘要:An LLM multi-agent system (MAS) is only as good as the agents it chooses to trust: its accuracy and cost hinge on its topology, meaning which agents are included and how they communicate. A single task score, however, does not reveal which agents help or hinder performance. We propose Contrastive Attribution Topology Search (CATS), which searches for compact teams within a fixed supergraph of specialized agents. An LLM attributer compares execution traces across candidate topologies and assigns credit to individual agents. CATS uses these credits to update supergraph edges while progressively pruning weak edges and agents, yielding a small team for deployment. With small open-weight models and matched candidate evaluations, CATS improves mean accuracy on BigCodeBench by 5.3 percentage poin
标题:Design and Tuning of Multi-Agent Systems Using Bayesian Evolutionary Optimization
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29276
摘要:Designing effective multi-agent systems (MAS) remains a challenging and resource-intensive task. We propose a Bayesian Evolutionary Optimization framework for automatically discovering task-specific MAS topologies. The approach combines evolutionary operators to generate diverse workflow graphs with Bayesian optimization to focus cost intensive evaluations on promising candidates. In contrast to LLM-based candidate selection, our approach uses a graph-aware Gaussian Process and Expected Improvement to provide an explicit selection criterion during evolutionary search. We evaluate the method on BigCodeBench for code generation and on a tabular preprocessing benchmark using TabPFN. On BigCodeBench, evolved architectures achieve the highest overall performance among the evaluated agent system
标题:ToM2Vec: Continuous Theory-of-Mind Tokens for Multi-Agent Coordination
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29934
摘要:Forming an accurate theory-of-mind (ToM) is key to successful multi-agent collaboration and requires reasoning under uncertainty to capture multiple possible partner states. This is hard to do in the text representation space native to large language model (LLM) agents, which more easily describe a single partner state. To address this challenge, we introduce ToM2Vec, which learns to form abstract theories-of-mind in a rich latent space via a fixed budget of continuous reasoning tokens. During training, supervision for these tokens comes from the partner's actual thoughts, which the ToM tokens are trained to abstract and match. At test-time, ToM tokens are generated by each agent and act as conditioners for that agent's thoughts and actions. Across several environments covering collaborati
标题:The Reflexivity Threshold: A Phase Transition for Multi-Agent Performative Prediction
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29577
摘要:Many learning systems are performative: once deployed, their predictions change the data distribution on which future models are trained. In multi-agent settings, this feedback is routed through a network of interacting learners, so stability depends not only on the strength of performativity but also on who affects whom. We study repeated retraining in multi-agent performative prediction and identify a spectral threshold that separates stable learning from worst-case learning obstruction. Prior work often collapses cross-agent feedback into a scalar contraction constant, missing this network structure. We instead introduce the reflexivity matrix $Γ$, which records how strongly one agent's deployment can move another agent's best response, defined from per-agent gradient sensitivities and
标题:Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Emergent Agreement from Individual Conversations
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29328
摘要:As LLM agents interact in the wild and shape each other's decisions, understanding how they converge toward agreement becomes important. We study this in multi-turn conversations where two LLMs discuss subjective matters, can agree or disagree, and may change their stances. Using a linear classifier on individual conversation activations, we identify an internal representation of agreement. We find that it varies substantially across turns and conversations and does not reliably track external agreement at the individual conversation level. We therefore move beyond the representation of agreement in individual conversations, by aggregating the agreement representation across conversations. Externally, this aggregate view reveals a simple structure: when pooled across conversations, agreeme
标题:Hidden Messages Between Diffusion Language Model Agents: Causal Evidence for Latent Communication
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28905
摘要:Diffusion language models form answers through a sequence of revisable continuous states, but multi-agent systems usually discard those states and make agents communicate only after decoding text. We ask whether one independent diffusion trajectory can pass a compact hidden message into another and, crucially, whether the receiver uses what that message means. In Hidden Messages, a sender compresses its denoising state into four signed dense vectors; the receiver consumes them while retaining its own context, canvas, and trajectory. Removing a message tests whether the channel matters; replacing it with a message from another example tests whether its content matters. Across controlled tasks, derangement removes a +63.6-point advantage on Tiny-A2D and a +100.0-point advantage on Dream-7B,
标题:Black-Box Red-Teaming of Multi-Agent Systems via Reinforcement Learning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28966
摘要:Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed in multi-agent systems (MAS) to accomplish complex tasks. Prior black-box red-teaming attacks mainly focus on single agents, but we find that these methods are far less effective in MAS, where multiple sub-agents may not directly interact with the user. Therefore, we introduce ReMAS, the first reinforcement learning-based red-teaming framework tailored to MASs, which fine-tunes attacker LLMs to generate effective adversarial prompts for system prompt extraction. The framework follows a two-step process: first, a rewrite stage refines base attack prompts to increase extraction success, and second, a template generation stage constructs attack templates that improve the likelihood of invoking specific sub-agents and thus revealing t
标题:FaultGene: LLM-Assisted Fault-Augmented Test Generation for Hardware-in-the-Loop Validation of Autonomous Driving Systems
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29969
摘要:Reliable validation of autonomous driving cyber-physical systems requires testing not only nominal driving behavior but also failures arising from faults in sensing and embedded computation. Physical road testing provides realistic system behavior but is costly and difficult to reproduce, while simulation enables scalable evaluation but cannot fully capture hardware-dependent behavior and fault propagation. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) validation bridges this gap by executing the driving stack on real embedded hardware within a simulated environment. However, preparing fault-augmented scenarios for HIL testing remains largely a manual process, limiting test coverage, scalability, and efficiency. We present FaultGene, an LLM-assisted framework for automated generation of executable fault-augm
GUI 智能体需要持续处理截图、音频、视频、交互历史和设备状态,但各模态信息的相关性随操作步骤快速变化。论文将无差别暴露完整上下文导致的误差累积概括为“连续分心”,其结果是不可逆的轨迹漂移。作者提出 FocusGUI,以步骤特定的决策参照动态确定各模态优先级,将关键证据压缩为紧凑潜表示,并注入冻结解码器的嵌入。该方法仅依赖动作监督,无需模态相关性标签或主干微调;在四种全模态主干上,平均将 Type Match 提升 33.2 点,并将 Exact Match 提升至冻结基线的 3 倍。
标题:Computer Vision and Knowledge-Grounded Language Models for Intelligent Beekeeper Assistance
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29283
摘要:Managed and wild bees sustain roughly a third of the global food products, yet colonies face mounting stress from climate-change including extreme weather patterns, altered parasite and disease patterns. Timely assessment of colony condition such as understanding colony strength, brood area, honey and pollen storage, comb usage, is essential to adaptive management. However, manual hive frame inspection is slow, costly, and quality depends on scarce expertise. We present an artificial targeted intelligent system framework focusing on edge deployable pipeline that turns hive frame photographs into interpretable and action-oriented inspection report. The pipeline includes an object detector to detect biologically-meaningful comb-cell classes; detections are distilled into structured fact sche
★2S-Agent 2.0:通用编程智能体驱动的空间推理Hugging Face Papers · 视觉推理 · 论文S-Agent 2.0 为通用编程智能体配备命令行感知工具包和持久化场景记忆,通过闭合空间证据循环显著提升三维空间推理能力。
Anthropic 内部的 Claude 研究模型端到端完成了针对致命蝎毒素的结合蛋白设计,64小时内产生318484个候选方案。团队筛选出211个方案进行实验室测试,其中17个成功结合目标毒素。该流程将大规模候选生成交给模型,并以湿实验完成最终验证,相关实验数据已公开。现有成果仅证明候选蛋白能够结合毒素,距离开发成可用的抗毒素药物仍需经过功能、安全性和临床等多阶段验证。
★2Anthropic 发布主动式智能体 Claude Duet,由 Opus 5.5 驱动新智元 ASI爆点 · 自主智能体 · 原文Anthropic 发布由 Opus 5.5 驱动的研究预览版 Claude Duet,可在云端后台持续监控、汇总跨应用信息并主动推进工作流,同时对付款、发送和删除等敏感操作保留人工审批。
Claude Duet 是面向持续办公场景的主动式智能体,无需用户逐条下达指令,即使设备离线也可通过云端虚拟机和浏览器继续执行任务,并生成晨报、发现异常、提醒待办和提出后续行动。它可继承 Claude 账户中的长期记忆、专属技能与应用授权,借助连接器跨 Stripe、Gusto、DocuSign 等系统安排会议、开展财务预测或开发网页应用。产品对发送消息、付款、签署文件和删除内容等动作设置用户批准环节,并禁止证券交易、账户间转账及访问他人账户等高风险操作。目前该产品处于研究预览阶段,首批通过候补名单向美国 Claude Pro 和 Max 用户开放,仍存在 Slack 能力有限、暂不支持 Microsoft 365及部分连接数量受限等问题。
标题:From Scores to Safe Sets: Exact Safety--Constrained Decoding for Medication Recommendation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29228
摘要:Recent generative medication recommendation systems ultimately produce sets of drugs, but drug--drug interaction (DDI) constraints depend on the set as a whole. A natural post-hoc approach is to first predict medications and then locally repair interacting pairs by removing one drug at a time. We ask whether this local repair step itself introduces avoidable error. Using fixed medication scores from FLAME's frozen classifier on MIMIC-III, we compare increasingly strong local repair strategies with an exact global decoder while holding the scores, output size, and DDI constraint fixed. The global decoder jointly selects the highest-scoring feasible medication set using mixed-integer linear programming. Across validation and test splits, global decoding consistently achieves higher Jaccard s
标题:An Evidence-Driven Multi-Agent Compound AI System for Head and Neck Proton Radiotherapy Planning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29010
摘要:Radiation treatment planning requires balancing competing objectives to satisfy clinical criteria while accommodating physicians' preferences. This study aims to develop an evidence-driven, multi-agent compound AI system that integrates DRL-based automated treatment planning with LLM-based conversational plan refinement for proton PBS therapy. A policy network trained using PPO first generates multiple plans without human intervention, from which one is selected as the target plan and the others serve as references for subsequent refinements. For challenging cases requiring further adjustments, an LLM-based multi-agent system enables plan refinement through natural language interactions. The system comprises a planning agent that recommends evidence-supported adjustments, a chatbot providi
OpenAI 已收购 Orchestra Bio,并计划将其团队与技术整合进生命科学研究平台 Rosalind。Orchestra Bio 的 AI Agent 主要负责药物研发中的任务梳理、进度跟踪、风险预判和跨团队协作,而非直接替代科学家开展实验。此次收购补充了 OpenAI 既有的生物特化模型、GPT-Rosalind 推理模型和 Rosalind Workbench,使模型能力更易转化为实际研发流程。与此同时,Anthropic 正探索从 AI 假说生成到湿实验验证的闭环,显示头部企业正从组织协同与实验闭环等不同路径布局 AI 制药。
用途与启示
展示智能体在药物研发中由科学任务执行向项目管理与组织协调延伸的应用路径。
为构建生命科学科研平台提供参考:除专业模型外,还需集成任务规划、风险监控和跨团队协作能力。
说明 AI 制药竞争正逐步覆盖从假说生成、实验验证到研发项目落地的完整工作流。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:OpenAI 收购 AI 制药初创 Orchestra Bio,把"管研发"的 Agent 收编进生命科学版图
来源:AIbase 快讯(aibase.com)
链接:https://www.aibase.com/zh/news/31783
摘要:OpenAI收购药物研发项目管理初创公司Orchestra Bio,将其团队与技术并入生命科学研究平台Rosalind。该公司CTO Andy Xu有北大背景,核心是用AI Agent承接药物研发中的任务梳理、进度跟踪、风险预判和跨团队协作等项目管理,而非替代科学家做实验。此次收购意味着OpenAI切入药物研发的组织协同环节。
标题:What the Author Wrote, What the Agent Reads: Silent Cue Loss in Enterprise Document Ingestion
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30026
摘要:Enterprise agents act on documents. Before an agent can follow a policy, answer a compliance question or file a ticket, some ingestion layer must turn a Word file or PDF into tokens - and that layer is where an agent deployed in the wild silently loses information. We show that one layer is lost by every mainstream converter - the meaning an author encodes in how text looks - and that the loss makes agents confidently wrong rather than visibly incomplete. We build a task from 76 real policy documents: recover the requirements the author singled out, scored against the file's own OOXML properties by a deterministic matcher with no LLM judge. Formatting-blind ingestion collapses from micro F1 0.690 to 0.150 (docling) and 0.075 (plain text), a gap that replicates across six answering models f
标题:COMET: A coordinated multi-layer runtime monitoring framework for human-supervised AI-enabled safety systems
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29816
摘要:Incorporating AI systems into safety systems requires monitoring to avoid silent faults and ensure safe and reliable operation. Single monitors often do not provide actionable information for human supervisors, who act as the system's adaptive controller. We present COMET, a coordinated multi-layer runtime monitoring framework for human-supervised AI-enabled safety systems in which each monitor is anchored in a different fault mode. Monitor outputs are combined in a coordination layer and mapped by a communication layer to a traffic-light display. In this work, COMET consists of three monitoring layers: signal integrity, physics consistency, and the AI system's competence envelope. The framework is evaluated on an open dataset of compressed-air leaks, where an AI system detects leaks from
标题:Asking a Multimodal LLM Whether Someone Fell: Zero-Shot Screening of Low-Resolution Thermal Video in a Laboratory and an Occupied Home
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29913
摘要:Thermal cameras can watch over older people living alone without capturing faces, and multimodal large language models (LLMs) can judge a short video without task-specific training. We evaluate a production multimodal LLM, Gemini 3.8 Flash at temperature 0, as the decision stage of an event-triggered fall screener, used exactly as a deployed prototype uses it: one request per short thermal clip, with its sound track when there is one, and its predecessor Gemini 3.7 Flash on the same requests. On 438 staged falls and 563 non-fall windows that we located by hand in a public 32x24 thermal dataset, the deployed request called 69% of the held-out subjects' falls (67% over all subjects; bed falls excluded) and none of 499 non-fall windows, including people lying on the floor and getting up. Over
标题:PAUSE: Search-Free Steering of Coding Agents Before Their First Source-Code Edit
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29870
摘要:Coding agents can invest substantial effort in repository exploration and testing yet still produce unsuccessful patches. Existing online steering methods review trajectories periodically or invoke an advisor when a monitor detects behavioral problems; frequent reviews are costly, and the absence of anomalous behavior does not mean that an agent is on the right track. We propose PAUSE, a framework for steering coding agents with a single planning intervention. Agents reach their first source-code edit at a median of 60% of trajectory progress, after exploration, bug reproduction, and testing. PAUSE intercepts this edit request before it executes, which requires no learned monitor, no search over checkpoints, and no extra model call (search-free). A separate Planner reads the task and the p
标题:Lineage-Aware Search Control for LLM-Based Evolutionary Factor Mining
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29663
摘要:Formulaic alpha factor mining searches for symbolic expressions that transform market data into predictive signals. Recent LLM-based evolutionary factor mining methods use large language models as semantic variation operators. Under the conventional LLM-EA paradigm, stochastic variation and fitness-based selection can leave the search weakly directed and concentrated around a narrow set of structurally similar factors. We argue that these limitations arise because current methods mainly organize search at the individual and population levels, leaving lineage-level control underused. A lineage connects successive factor variants through evolutionary descent. We propose LineageEvo, which uses lineage in two coupled forms of search control: (1) lineage-conditioned LLM variation, which distill
标题:FogTTA: Online Test-Time Adaptation for Robust Transformer-based Object Detection in Foggy Weather
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29618
摘要:Object detection models for autonomous driving commonly experience substantial performance drops when deployed under adverse weather due to the domain shift between training data and real-world operating conditions. This degradation is especially evident when models trained on clear-weather images encounter foggy environments with reduced visibility and contrast. To address this challenge, we introduce FogTTA, an online test-time adaptation framework designed to improve the robustness of Transformer-based object detectors in fog. Using RF-DETR as the underlying object detector, FogTTA enables real-time adaptation to the streaming target domain without requiring source data or retraining. The framework follows a teacher-student design, where the deployed model serves as the teacher and gene
智能眼镜在设备端从摄像头输入中计算频率描述符,无需向主机传输可能包含隐私信息的原始帧。主机根据描述符预测分布偏移算子,合成相应的分布外数据,并按照预定义协议适应本地模型副本。该框架在 ImageNet-C、Visual Wake Words 和 MS-COCO 上覆盖 ConvNeXtV2-Femto、DeiT-Tiny 与 TinyViT-5M 等视觉架构。仅依靠描述符驱动的适应可恢复监督预言机适应收益的 82%–98%,同时实现 213–784 倍的带宽压缩,且描述符分辨率降低时性能平稳退化。
用途与启示
为智能眼镜、可穿戴设备等隐私敏感场景提供无需上传原始视觉数据的部署时适应方案。
利用频域统计表征分布偏移,可显著降低设备与主机之间的通信带宽。
通过主机端分布偏移建模与数据合成,将受限端侧感知和高成本适应计算解耦。
描述符分辨率可作为带宽与适应质量之间的可调节旋钮,便于按设备资源动态配置。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:No Frames, Just Frequencies: Bandwidth-Efficient Deployment-Time Adaptation for Smart Glasses
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29607
摘要:Deep neural networks deployed on smart glasses must adapt to changes in the distribution of incoming data while adhering to strict privacy and device constraints. We present No Frames, Just Frequencies, a bandwidth-efficient source-assisted adaptation framework that characterizes distribution shifts using compact frequency descriptors computed on-device. Rather than transmitting camera frames, the glasses compute and send frequency descriptors to a host device that contains a replica of the model. The host device maps the received frequency descriptor to a distribution shift operator that synthesizes out-of-distribution data and adapts a model replica using a pre-defined adaptation protocol. We evaluate the framework on mixtures of ImageNet-C corruptions using convolution-based (ConvNeXtV2
标题:OmniSimulator: Aligning Small Language Models for Authentic Heterogeneous Behavior Modeling
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29472
摘要:Large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential as general-purpose user simulators for interactive systems. Prior studies have demonstrated that training on high-quality data can substantially improve model reasoning and downstream task performance. However, the upper bound of user simulation is still constrained by the model's reasoning paradigm: native chain-of-thought often degenerates into shallow pattern matching and fails to adequately model the behavioral factors underlying real user decisions. In this paper, we propose OmniSimulator, a novel training framework designed to improve the predictive ability of small LLMs for realistic user simulation on short-video platform environments. Specifically, OmniSimulator organizes behavior-oriented reasoning through a structured schem
★2Policy Central:警务政策冲突、冗余与相似性检测arXiv · 文档推理 · 论文Policy Central 通过检索判别与筛选确认两种架构,辅助警务部门快速发现政策条款之间的冲突、冗余、相似及差异关系。
标题:Policy Central: Detecting Conflicts, Redundancy, and Similarity in Deployed Police Policy
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29338
摘要:Policy Central is a deployed system that helps police departments find relationships between sections of their written policy: whether two sections conflict, are redundant, are merely similar, or are different. We describe the system and compare two architectures. Retrieve-Judge, a retrieve-then-classify pipeline, runs as a cheap library-wide health signal; Screen-Confirm, a screen-then-confirm cascade, is a selective audit of the documents a reviewer chooses, checking them exhaustively against one another. On a 302-pair benchmark drawn from one department's ~84 real policy documents, given each pair Screen-Confirm reaches 0.795 aggregate recall and 0.885 on Conflict, so current models judge well. Finding the pair is the hard part: Retrieve-Judge's composed recall falls to 0.457, and Scree
标题:LLM-Based Exogenous World Modeling for Dynamic Scheduling
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29308
摘要:Dynamic scheduling requires dispatching online arrivals while anticipating future jobs, as poor decisions can compound downstream costs under nonlinear tardiness objectives. We show that a pretrained large language model (LLM) can serve as the exogenous component of a structured world model, forecasting uncertain future job arrivals. Specifically, we exploit an afterstate decomposition, which separates known deterministic shop transitions from uncertain exogenous job arrivals, enabling the LLM to forecast only the latter through a compact belief representation. Building on this, we develop Afterstate World-Model Planning (AWMP), which combines an evolved, belief-conditioned dispatching strategy with short scenario-based rollouts. A surprise-triggered refresh mechanism queries the LLM only
研究面向软件定义汽车(SDV),提出融合大语言模型与模型驱动工程(MDE)的 AI 驱动开发工具链。该工具链可将自然语言需求自动转换为系统架构、可执行软件和验证工件,并保持不同开发阶段之间的可追溯性与一致性。方案强调满足安全关键型汽车开发的合规和质量保障要求。在支持自适应巡航与紧急制动的集中式车载计算平台上,作者通过硬件在环(HiL)和软件在环(SiL)环境进行了验证。
用途与启示
为汽车软件从需求分析、架构设计到代码生成和验证提供端到端自动化思路。
展示 LLM 与 MDE 结合后增强需求可追溯性、设计一致性和安全合规性的潜力。
可为安全关键系统中的人机协同开发、自动验证及质量保障工具链提供参考。
HiL 与 SiL 验证路径有助于评估生成式开发工具在真实车载平台上的可执行性。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:AI-Based End-to-End Automotive Design and Software Development for SDVs
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29160
摘要:This paper explores the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enable end-to-end automotive design and software development for Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs). Based on our contributions within the Central Car Server (CeCaS) and follow-up EU-funded projects, we present an AI-driven toolchain integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) with Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) to automate the transformation of natural-language requirements into system architectures, executable software, and validation artifacts. The approach emphasizes traceability, consistency, and compliance with safety-critical automotive development requirements. Validation is performed on a centralized vehicle computing platform supporting adaptive cruise control and emergency braking, tested in Hardware-in-the-Loop (Hi
★2印度工科生如何跨越“无 AI 选拔”与“AI 优先工作”arXiv · 人工智能辅助编程 · 论文通过访谈23名印度工科学生及毕业生,研究揭示了大学考试与校园招聘限制生成式人工智能、而实际技术岗位日益采用 AI 所形成的能力培养与评价错位。
研究访谈了23名来自印度工程与计算机专业的学生及近期毕业生,考察其在课程学习、考试和校园招聘中使用生成式人工智能的方式。反思性主题分析归纳出五类主题,包括 AI 优先的工作环境与无 AI 的招聘筛选、求职准备、课程中的 AI 使用、教师权威与规则执行,以及学生对就业准备度的担忧。研究指出,学校与招聘环节主要考查不借助 AI 的个人能力,但毕业生进入的技术岗位已经越来越依赖 AI 工具。作者进一步借助信号理论讨论,当 AI 能够参与产出成绩和测评结果时,分数所认证的能力是否仍然有效,并向高校、雇主和 AI 工具设计者提出建议。
用途与启示
帮助高校制定明确且贴近工作实践的生成式人工智能使用规范,减少学生在不同课程和教师要求间的不确定性。
提醒雇主重新审视禁止 AI 的校园招聘筛选是否能够有效预测候选人在 AI 优先工作环境中的表现。
为课程与评测设计提供依据,可同时考查基础独立能力、AI 工具使用能力以及对生成结果的验证能力。
启发 AI 工具设计者针对学生就业准备提供可追踪、可解释且强调主动学习的辅助功能。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:From AI-Free Gates to AI-First Work: How Engineering Students in India Navigate University Education and Campus Placements Without AI Guidelines
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29140
摘要:Engineering graduates in India enter a technology sector that is being reshaped by generative AI, yet the route into that sector runs through examinations and campus placement screens that largely exclude AI. Institutions in India have an approved intake of nearly 2.9 million seats in engineering and technology for 2026-2027, but HCI research on how students prepare for AI-mediated work has drawn mostly on Western and East Asian settings. We interviewed 23 students and recent graduates of Indian engineering and computing programmes about how they used generative AI across coursework, examinations and placements, and how they judged their own readiness for work. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we report five themes, covering AI-first workplaces and AI-free placement screens, how particip
标题:An Eco-Friendly Tourism Trip Planner Driven by Z-Number Uncertainty: Evidence from Baku, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Tashkent, and Istanbul
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29120
摘要:Deployed tourism trip planners ingest travel times and ratings as exact numbers, although routing services return travel times that vary with the hour of departure and a platform rating may rest on a handful of reviews or on tens of thousands. We present an eco-friendly trip planner that represents both quantities as Z-numbers, which pair a fuzzy restriction on a value with a fuzzy reliability on the evidence behind it, and that constructs them directly from routing-service observations at six departure hours and from platform review counts rather than from linguistic elicitation. A hybrid loss combines score, carbon, travel-time, and reliability terms, and an adaptive large neighborhood search returns single-day itineraries with per-leg reliability annotations through a conversational fro
标题:Agentic Music Post-Production
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29093
摘要:We introduce MixAgent, an agentic pipeline for music post-production that follows the workflow of audio engineers to build interpretable and editable mixing plans guided by a reference song. A grouping agent first routes related input tracks, such as drum recordings, into subgroups. A planning agent then uses retrieved examples to choose and order audio effects, such as volume control and reverb, for tracks, subgroups, and the full mix. To refine the mix, a detector identifies what needs correction, and a critic proposes numerical parameter adjustments from tracks to the full mix. In our experiments, prompting recent multimodal models to listen and revise often worsens the mix, making reliable correction a central challenge. We therefore build MixCritic, a dataset of 45,657 repair critique
标题:Agentic Ensemble with Vision-Language Models for Visual Anomaly Detection
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28560
摘要:Visual anomaly detection aims to detect abnormal objects, while anomaly samples are often scarce during model training. Assembling multiple pretrained detectors can help by leveraging their transferable image scores and anomaly maps. However, most existing ensemble methods apply fixed fusion rules over saved predictions which struggle when pretrained detectors clearly disagree due to different training objectives, priors, and visual representations. To this end, we design AnomalyAgent, a post-training fusion framework for accurate visual anomaly detection. AnomalyAgent aligns heterogeneous scores and maps, summarizes score- and region-level disagreement, and treats fusion as a finite action-selection problem. It implements two types of actions: 1) score actions that determine how to fuse i
标题:Proof-Carrying Contracts: Commitments AI Agents Cannot Break
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28484
摘要:AI agents increasingly act on behalf of people or other agents, purchasing services, exchanging information and delegating work. What an agent must respect is written in instructions, policies or agreements, but text alone cannot make it comply. It may make mistakes, be redirected by what it reads, or pursue different interests. For an economy of such agents to function, parties need agreements they can rely on without inspecting or trusting one another's agents. We introduce Proof-Carrying Contracts (PC2), a framework for making agreed constraints enforceable throughout an agent's interactions with a system. Before a requested operation can run, the agent must supply a machine-checkable proof that it preserves the agreed constraints in every case allowed by its model. An execution system
标题:MythoSemantic: An Interactive System for Discovering Semantic Parallels Across Mythological and Religious Traditions
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28452
摘要:We present a tool for the comparative study of mythological and religious texts. Traditional manual analysis is highly labor-intensive and difficult to scale. To address this, we use neural language models to embed texts into a shared semantic space, so that users can find semantic parallels across cultural traditions in an interactive interface. Embedded fragments form distinct semantic structures whose coarse geometry aligns with well-documented historical relations between traditions. We quantify how much of that geometry is already explained by lexical overlap and by proper names. The current system is available at https://mythoscope.io, and the installable package is available at https://github.com/haafus/MythoSemantic/blob/main/RUN.md.
标题:Multimodal Embodied Agents: A Unified Capability-centric Perspective from Computer-Use to Robot-Use
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30108
摘要:Multimodal agents (MMAs) sustain interaction through reasoning, memory, tools, and feedback, most visibly as computer-use agents, while robotic systems (RSs) couple sensing and actuation under physical dynamics. We define multimodal embodied agents (MMEAs) as goal-directed systems that couple multimodal task reasoning with physical action and revise decisions from the resulting feedback. This raises a central question: what changes when a multimodal agent moves from computer-use to robot-use? We introduce PAPAV, a unified capability-centric framework of five recurring functions: Perceive the current state, Anticipate action effects, Plan a feasible course, Act through an interface or body, and Verify the outcome. Defined by function rather than architecture, these capabilities let PAPAV id
标题:SP-HLM: Sparse-Pose-Driven Motion Generation and Whole-Body Control for Humanoid Loco-Manipulation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30044
摘要:Humanoid loco-manipulation requires an effective interface between high-level task policies and whole-body control. Existing interfaces typically rely on a single action representation for both task intent and whole-body coordination. This may burden the high-level policy or leave one aspect underspecified. We present SP-HLM, a framework built on a sparse-pose-driven interface. The interface combines five task-critical body poses with a learned latent motion prior to represent spatial intent and whole-body coordination in complementary forms. SP-VLA, a vision-language-action model, first predicts task-relevant sparse poses and finger joint positions from multimodal observations and language instructions using asynchronous action-chunk inference. Given these sparse targets, SP-MGM, a motion
标题:VLM-Guided Contact Retargeting and Generative Partner Modeling for Humanoid-Human Interaction
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28523
摘要:Humanoid-human interaction requires robots to operate under severe partial observability: during close physical contact, the human partner is occluded, truncated, or outside the robot's field of view, causing pose estimation to fail and often necessitating external tracking or privileged human state. At the same time, heavy mutual occlusions introduce errors into the human-human motion-capture data used for learning. We present REACT, a framework for learning deployable humanoid-human interaction policies from human-human demonstrations. REACT treats semantic contact structure as the key supervisory signal connecting demonstration processing, interaction learning, and onboard control. First, a VLM-guided contact modeling and retargeting pipeline identifies semantically meaningful contacts
标题:AtomicRL: Atomic Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Robotic Manipulation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30097
摘要:Vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown promise in robotic manipulation, but imitation learning (IL) alone often struggles to master complex long-horizon skills. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers an effective avenue for further improving VLA policies. However, existing VLA-RL methods typically suffer from delayed and biased credit assignment due to trajectory-level sparse rewards, while imbalanced subtask mastery creates bottlenecks that limit overall performance. To address these challenges, we propose AtomicRL, an RL post-training framework that leverages atomic task structures for reliable credit assignment and adaptive exploration. AtomicRL introduces Semantic-Aware Policy Optimization (SAPO), which uses semantic-aware gating to constrain TD residuals from failed atomic subtask
标题:Post-hoc Epistemic Uncertainty for Vision-Language-Action Policies
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29730
摘要:Vision-language-action (VLA) policies need to recognize gaps in their training knowledge to request useful demonstrations or assistance in new situations, especially when failures are costly. Disagreement within an ensemble of independently trained policies can guide these decisions, but requires training and running multiple policies. We propose post-hoc kernel-variance heads that estimate epistemic uncertainty from the embeddings of a single policy. Each head computes the conditional variance of a Gaussian process conditioned on embeddings from the training demonstrations. Fitting requires no regression targets or gradient updates and leaves the policy unchanged. In experiments with SmolVLA on LIBERO-10, the kernel variance heads perform competitively with two-policy ensemble scores in t
标题:Causal world models under physical parameter shifts
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29088
摘要:World models predict how embodied systems evolve under actions, but their accuracy can degrade when physical conditions move outside the training distribution. We study two components of causal modeling: which inputs a predictor may use, and how its mechanism computes their effects. In a synthetic benchmark with shortcut features, a frozen dependency mask derived from paired interventions reduces mean out-of-distribution (OOD) RMSE from 1.769 for a fully connected predictor to 0.697, close to the generator-oracle mask (0.694). For robot link-mass extrapolation in CausalWorld, with disjoint training and test mass ranges, we develop finger-local world models in which link masses enter inertia and dynamics-bias terms through explicit affine coefficients, actions act through either a learned t
标题:Exploring Temporal Context-Aware Physical Grounding in Latent World Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28483
摘要:Learning latent dynamics is fundamental to building action-conditioned world models for planning. Among existing families, Joint Embedding Predictive Architectures (JEPAs) offer a natural framework by modeling transitions directly in latent space rather than at the pixel level. However, two issues remain in JEPA-based world models: (i) physical grounding lacks explicit aggregation of temporal context and (ii) action planning always overly relies on generic sampling distributions. To this end, we propose $\mathcal{G}$-JEPA, which incorporates temporal context into physical grounding for latent world models and couples the learned models with prior-guided action planning. Specifically, during learning, we incorporate a shared causal temporal module that aggregates temporal context within obs
标题:Doob-Based Generative Policy Optimization
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28990
摘要:Diffusion and flow models provide expressive policy classes for robotic and sequential decision-making systems. However, their action likelihoods are generally intractable, limiting the direct use of widely adopted policy optimization methods such as PPO and GRPO. We propose Doob Policy Optimization (DoobPO), a framework that leverages Doob's $h$-transform for likelihood-free reinforcement learning fine-tuning of generative policies. DoobPO separates policy improvement from generative policy learning. It first learns a lightweight ratio model that represents the desired policy update, and then distills the resulting ratio-tilted target policy into the generative policy via conditional drift matching. This formulation applies uniformly to both diffusion and flow policies and supports a broa
标题:HyperDrone: Simulation-to-Reality Transfer at Millions of Frames per Second
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28950
摘要:We present HyperDrone, an extremely fast quadrotor simulator focused on high-performance batch rendering that is more than 20x faster than existing state-of-the-art batch quadrotor simulators. HyperDrone combines highly optimized multirotor dynamics with HyperLux, a new ray-tracing engine that supports Nvidia OptiX, Vulkan, Apple Metal and WebGPU backends that takes full advantage of modern ray-tracing hardware, capable of running both components entirely on the GPU. HyperLux renders RGB, depth, semantic/instance segmentation, surface normals and optical flow observations at configurable levels of fidelity, including reflections, realistic lighting, motion blur, anti-aliasing, and Physically Based Rendering (PBR). Even in the highest-fidelity settings, HyperLux achieves millions of Frames
标题:Robot Generalization Beyond Volume: The Diversity Path via Zero-Shot Capabilities
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29829
摘要:General-purpose robots must handle tasks, objects and environments they were never trained on, yet zero-shot generalization remains one of the least solved problems in physical AI. In digital AI, zero-shot capability grew with the volume and, above all, the diversity of training data, much of it sourced from the crowd. Robotics instead relies on paid collection by a few well-funded teams, which yields volume without diversity. We formulate zero-shot generalization in physical AI as coverage of the deployment distribution, and show that more samples from the same collectors shrink the unseen region only slowly, while each new contributor can extend it. Building on this and on zero-shot learning, we propose a shared latent space for robot actions that combines multi-modal alignment, generati
标题:Local and Global Recursive Ridge Regression for Online Residual Correction of Frozen Multivariate Forecasters under Label Delay
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29604
摘要:A frozen multi-horizon forecaster can be corrected online from its own residuals. However, under label delay the target of a block arrives only after the whole horizon has passed, and the corrector's retained state grows with the number of channels. Aiming to combine a small retained state with a large error reduction, we propose DRiC (DCT Ridge Corrector), which fits a ridge regression of the leading discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of the next residual block on those of the frozen forecast and of the latest input block, with sufficient statistics updated recursively. Its local variant, DRiC-L, keeps one such regression per channel; its global variant, DRiC-G, pools all channels into one regression, whose statistics do not depend on the channel count. A guard tracks a running
标题:Interpretable Cutting Plane Selection for Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Using Genetic Programming
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29311
摘要:Cutting planes (cuts) remove fractional solutions from mixed-integer linear programs (MILPs) without excluding any feasible integer solutions, making them a key ingredient in modern MILP solvers. Current state-of-the-art solvers rely on fine-tuned handcrafted cut strategies, which, despite their effectiveness, remain inherently static and can be suboptimal. More recently, learning-based approaches have been proposed to design adaptive cut strategies; however, most of these methods are based on neural networks, offering limited interpretability and providing no guarantees of convergence. In this paper, we propose \emph{Genetic Programming and Statistics-based Cut Selection} (GPSCS), the first learning-based framework that explicitly generalizes handcrafted cut selection heuristics into a fu
标题:How Representational Priors Shape Generalization in World Action Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29168
摘要:World action models (WAMs) are shown to substantially diverge under generalization performance based on their generative backbones. We investigate this gap through the representational geometry that WAMs inherit from their backbones and how policy training reorganizes it. Our central hypothesis is that a useful representational prior would structure geometry that separates nuisance information from the in-distribution manifold in advance of training as a policy. We quantify this with nuisance orthogonality; orthogonality of the feature under visual variation outside the empirical in-distribution manifold. Across various image and video backbones, we show that a higher orthogonality from the representational prior is associated with stronger robustness to visual variations after WAM trainin
标题:PhysiCalWorld: In-Context Physics Calibration for World Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30125
摘要:Existing world models typically perceive a scene through current visual frame or a narrow history window. However, these observations may not reveal the physics properties that determine transition dynamics, such as an object's mass distribution, joint damping, or surface friction. Without calibrating these physics factors for world models, predictions tend to regress toward an empirical prior and induce severe drift in novel test scenes. To this end, we propose PhysiCalWorld, which calibrates action-conditioned world models to the instance-specific dynamics via in-context prompting, without fine-tuning or analytical physics modeling. Our method encodes an exploratory interaction clip collected within the test scene into a compact physics descriptor token, which grounds subsequent predicti
★2SolarRenderer:四步结构条件视频渲染Hugging Face Papers · 视频生成 · 论文SolarRenderer以双LoRA适配冻结的MiniMax-H3 33B骨干,仅用四步即可完成结构条件视频渲染,并支持768p实时流式生成。
标题:Qwen-Audio-3.1-ASR Technical Report
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28711
摘要:We present Qwen-Audio-3.1-ASR, a family of audio-language models that builds upon its predecesor Qwen-Audio-3.0-ASR with improved speech recognition and expanded capabilities in speaker-diarized transcription and general audio understanding. The family retains support for 30 languages and 16 Chinese dialects, together with instruction-controlled capabilities including historical-context conditioning, hierarchical hotword customization, and native transcription polishing. Speaker-diarized ASR produces structured outputs containing speaker labels, timestamps, and recognized text, maintaining consistent speaker labels across turns and the representation of overlapping speech. The general audio understanding capabilities cover audio-, speech-, and music-captioning, temporal grounding and sound
标题:GoiBERT: Compact Vietnamese Language Models via Two-Stage Knowledge Distillation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30067
摘要:Vietnamese pre-trained encoders have improved rapidly, but the strongest ones are large, multilingual-vocabulary models or depend on external word segmentation, which makes them costly to deploy. We present GoiBERT, a family of two compact Vietnamese encoders with 26M and 49M parameters that operate directly on raw text. GoiBERT learns from two complementary teachers. A same-tokenizer Vietnamese encoder first teaches general-purpose representations. A much larger teacher then provides task-level guidance through soft labels that are generated without ever labeling its own training data. Across eight benchmarks covering text classification, aspect-based sentiment analysis, natural language inference, and named entity recognition, GoiBERT-large achieves the highest average score among non-te
pplx-embed-v2-late:多模态后期交互检索模型
Perplexity AI 发布 0.6B 与 9B 两款多语言多模态后期交互模型,通过从 18B 教师进行表征蒸馏,实现同尺寸领先的检索性能与非对称部署。
标题:pplx-embed-v2-late Technical Report
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29523
摘要:In this report, we introduce pplx-embed-v2-late, a pair of 0.6B and 9B multilingual and multimodal late-interaction models. Both models achieve state-of-the-art results within their respective size classes across a range of text, image, and visual document retrieval benchmarks. On visual document retrieval tasks, pplx-embed-v2-late-0.6b is competitive with models several times larger than itself. The models are trained via representation distillation from an 18B teacher. Consequently, they share an embedding space that supports asymmetric deployment: documents can be indexed with the 9B model and queried with the low-latency 0.6B model. Both models are available at https://huggingface.co/collections/perplexity-ai/pplx-embed-v2.
标题:BrainCodes: A Lightweight EEG Foundation Model over Discrete Neural Codes
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29320
摘要:Recent electroencephalography (EEG) foundation models increasingly emphasize model scale, potentially limiting their deployment on resource-constrained devices and in everyday environments. We argue that transferable EEG features can instead be learned with a compact architecture and introduce BrainCodes, a lightweight foundation model pretrained through self-supervised learning on more than 800 hours of recordings from over 1,000 participants. Our architecture combines a quantization-based neural tokenizer with a spatiotemporal encoder that supports arbitrary electrode configurations. The pretraining objective explicitly encourages representations that capture spatial connectivity through channel positional encoding, and sensitivity to narrowband neural oscillations through an auxiliary t
标题:Looped Uniform Diffusion Language Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30066
摘要:Uniform diffusion language models (UDLMs) generate text by iteratively denoising sequences of ordinary vocabulary tokens, any of which may be corrupted and subsequently revised. During training, UDLMs must denoise from a context that may itself be unreliable, whereas masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) always condition on a clean context. This challenging training objective makes UDLMs more FLOP-intensive to train than MDLMs, but it yields stronger downstream reasoning performance. Recently, selective looping, which recursively applies a few early Transformer layers within each denoising step, has been shown to improve training efficiency in MDLMs under an iso-FLOP budget. We investigate looping in UDLMs while keeping the training objective and sampler unchanged. We find that looping
标题:Hierarchical Masked Diffusion Language Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29255
摘要:Masked diffusion language models have emerged as an alternative to autoregressive models, enabling parallel token generation. However, standard masked diffusion language models use a shared noise schedule across positions without explicitly encoding which positions should be resolved first. Many tasks exhibit a natural priority among positions: document titles and section headings can guide the generation of body text, while Sudoku cells determined directly from the initial clues can help resolve more difficult cells. To incorporate this notion of priority (or hierarchy) among token positions, we introduce the Hierarchical Masked Diffusion Language Model (HMDLM), which augments each token position with a hierarchy level available as part of the training data, and requires zero or minimal a
标题:Scaling Multilingual Pretraining of Pixel Language Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29681
摘要:Pixel language models process text as rendered images instead of a finite vocabulary, which gives them strong cross-lingual transfer abilities. However, not much is known about how these abilities are influenced by larger-scale pretraining. In this paper, we train a family of MPIXEL models along three axes of variation: more languages, more scripts, and larger model capacity under fixed per-language compute. In evaluations on five tasks covering 83 languages, we find that scaling acts locally: each axis improves the added languages and scripts, while increased capacity mitigates the curse of multilinguality from pretraining on more languages. Transfer to unseen scripts improves with multilingual pretraining, but does not further improve with scaling. On typologically distant low-resource l
标题:How to Use Parallel Data for Multilingual Pretraining
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28838
摘要:High-quality human-translated parallel corpora can improve cross-lingual transfer, but are typically too small for large-scale pretraining. Machine-translated web corpora help overcome this limitation, making parallel data available at pretraining scale. Standard multilingual pretraining, however, samples source documents and their translations independently, without explicitly using their parallel structure. We investigate how to use the parallel structure of the data to improve multilingual pretraining by concatenating each document with its translation in the same training sequence. We compare this parallel pretraining (PPT) approach with standard pretraining (SPT), training models from scratch at matched token budgets. Surprisingly, despite the benefits of parallel data reported in pri
标题:Brain2Vec: A Self-Supervised 3D Foundation Model for Structural Brain MRI
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28411
摘要:Deep learning models have become essential tools in medical imaging, yet training them end-to-end for diverse tasks remains challenging due to limited labeled data and computational constraints. To address this, we introduce Brain2Vec, a foundation model pre-trained on 74,425 T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans pooled from multiple studies. Brain2Vec can serve both as a weight initialization backbone for fine-tuning downstream tasks and as a standalone feature extractor. We evaluated Brain2Vec in three tasks: downstream predictive performance, convergence speed, and embedding quality. Using Brain2Vec's pretrained weights as initialization and fine-tuning on labeled data for a brain age prediction task, results demonstrate improved final accuracy and faster convergence compar
标题:Large Flow Language Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28559
摘要:Continuous flow language models offer a path to parallel generation with tools for control and acceleration unavailable to discrete diffusion, yet effective techniques for building them at the billion-parameter scale remain less established. We present Lafa (Large flow language model), a fast, high-performing flow language model scaled to 8B parameters in a data-efficient manner. Lafa is a blockwise flow model with causal attention on the prefix and bidirectional, asynchronous flow within each block. This design enables efficient training by adapting pretrained autoregressive (AR) models and fast inference via prefix caching and blockwise parallel decoding. We train Lafa at 0.5B, 7B, and 8B scales with fewer than 30B tokens, more efficient than previous diffusion models, and evaluate it on
标题:Geometric knowledge spaces, Attention pairing and Architectures
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29526
摘要:In this paper, we propose a geometric approach to deriving attention mechanisms and exploring potential new transformer architectures. We begin by formalizing the notions of knowledge worlds and attention pairings, then demonstrate how this framework naturally leads to the architectures of standard attention, causal attention, linear attention, tensor attention, and recurrent neural networks. Finally, we introduce several new geometric spaces that may inspire novel neural network architectures.
标题:GaP-MoE : Explicit Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts via Orthogonal Gradient Accumulation and Projection
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29355
摘要:Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE) models improve scalability by routing input tokens to only a subset of expert networks, but they often suffer from representation collapse, in which multiple experts converge toward similar functions and lose their intended diversity. Prior work has addressed this limitation either by improving router architectures or by introducing auxiliary loss terms that implicitly penalize similarity among experts. However, router-based approaches remain vulnerable to routing collapses, and loss-based approaches can conflict with the task's original objective during optimization. In this work, we propose GaP-MoE (Gradient Accumulation and Projection in MoE), which induces expert specialization by directly manipulating expert output gradients rather than modifying the l
AsymLoop 使用单次因果编码器生成逐层 Global KV 缓存,并在后续迭代中保持其固定。权重共享的循环解码器根据持续演化的中间状态生成 Local KV,通过同一 Softmax 下的联合注意力融合全局上下文与局部状态。训练时,作者依据重尾特征为编码器和解码器设置逐层学习率。在 FineWeb-Edu 上从 60M 到 1B 的实验中,该架构均优于 Full Loop;1B 版本在七项常识推理基准上的平均零样本准确率由 49.58% 提升至 50.85%,并可扩展至 OLMo 风格骨干和稀疏混合专家架构。
用途与启示
为循环语言架构提供上下文构建与状态迭代解耦的设计范式。
利用固定 Global KV 避免每轮重复构建全局表征,在不增加参数量的情况下扩展有效计算深度。
为联合注意力、权重共享解码器以及循环计算在稀疏混合专家架构中的应用提供实验依据。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:Asymmetric Looped Transformers: Fixed Global Representations for an Iterative Decoder
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28489
摘要:Looped Transformers increase effective depth by repeatedly applying shared layers, offering a way to scale computation without increasing parameter count. However, full-stack looping places context construction and iterative state refinement within the same recurrent computation, without explicitly distinguishing their roles. We introduce the Asymmetric Looped Transformer (AsymLoop), which separates single-pass context encoding from recurrent state refinement. A single-pass causal encoder produces layer-specific Global key-value (KV) caches that remain fixed across iterations, while a weight-tied recurrent decoder generates Local KV from its evolving state. Joint attention over both sources under a single softmax allows each update to integrate persistent contextual information with the cu
LAW(Loopholing All the Way)提出一种完全基于自条件的连续扩散语言建模架构,在每一步传播去噪器预测分布对应的期望嵌入,仅在生成结束时解码词元。该方法在数独任务上超过既有离散与连续扩散模型,并在迷宫任务的 2 至 64 NFE 范围内取得最高准确率。在 TinyGSM 上训练并以 1024 NFE 采样时,LAW 在 GSM8K 上达到 42.2% 的解题率,高于均匀 Loopholing 离散扩散的 34.5%。使用 LAW 微调预训练的 Duo 均匀扩散模型可将准确率从 17.2% 提升至 48.1%,且在 OpenWebText 上以 64 NFE 推进性能—计算量帕累托前沿并接近自回归模型。
用途与启示
证明自条件不必只是扩散语言模型的辅助启发式机制,也可以构成完整的连续生成过程。
通过传播期望嵌入并延迟离散解码,减少中间词元采样造成的信息损失与误差累积。
为扩散语言模型在逻辑任务、数学推理和开放域文本生成中的统一建模提供新架构。
展示 LAW 可用于微调已有扩散模型,为低成本迁移和性能增强提供实践路径。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:Loopholing All the Way: Language Modeling with pure Self-Conditioning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30068
摘要:Recent Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) use Self-Conditioning (SC), or Loopholing, to improve their performance. While SC is traditionally seen as an auxiliary heuristic, its empirical success raises the question: can a continuous generative model be based purely on Self-Conditioning? We answer affirmatively with LAW (``Loopholing All the Way''), which propagates the Expected Embedding under the denoiser's prediction across steps, decoding the tokens once, at the end. On Sudoku, LAW outperforms previous Discrete and Continuous Diffusion Models, including Loopholing Discrete Diffusion. On Maze, LAW is the most accurate from 2 to 64 NFE. After training on TinyGSM and sampling at temperature 1 with 1024 NFE, LAW solves 42.2% of GSM8K problems against 34.5% for uniform Loopholing Discrete Diff
标题:Data Schedules and Learning Rate Schedules Should Be Designed Together
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29348
摘要:Mid-training (MT) is a training phase in LLM training pipelines that continues pretraining (PT) on smaller datasets of higher value. Taking the PT and MT phases as a whole, training usually starts with only PT data and then transitions completely to MT data. In this work, we view this complete transition from PT to MT data as a special case of a broader class of data mixing schedules that specify how the proportions of PT and MT tokens in each batch change over training. Under fixed total training compute and MT token budgets, we ask: Is this complete transition to MT data optimal for minimizing final MT loss? We show that the answer depends on the learning rate (LR) schedule: one data schedule may outperform another under one LR schedule, but changing only the LR schedule can reverse the
标题:YingLan: A Multimodal Ocean Foundation Model for Unified Representation Learning from Heterogeneous Observations
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29313
摘要:Multimodal ocean modeling remains challenging due to substantial heterogeneity in data structures, physical semantics, and spatiotemporal characteristics across satellite imagery, gridded oceanographic fields, and buoy observations. Existing approaches largely focus on task-specific ocean modeling, while learning transferable representations from heterogeneous observations remains an open problem. To address this challenge, we propose YingLan, a multimodal ocean foundation model that integrates physics-attribute-conditioned dynamic encoding, Spatiotemporal Increment Coupling (STIC), and ocean-state evolution-aware pretraining. Specifically, the dynamic encoding mechanism generates adaptive input projections conditioned on physical semantics and observation characteristics, enabling flexibl
标题:GRAFT: Restoring the Missing Sampling Interface in Continuous Diffusion Language Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29136
摘要:Continuous diffusion language models generate a whole sequence in parallel, never drawing a single word at any intermediate step; only the final step turns embeddings into text. Models such as ELF now report autoregressive-level quality at a fraction of the sampling steps of discrete-token diffusion models, and this design principle -- no step-wise discretization -- is what their own ablations credit for the gain. We show that this same principle carries a hidden cost: a collapse of the lexical long tail. Measured against held-out human text, ELF's output matches the human rate on common words almost exactly, yet its rarest words appear at only 0.30x the human rate, a gap that does not close from 105M to 652M parameters and that no sampler setting these models expose can reach. A same-size
标题:How Does Orthogonalization Adapt to the Neural Network Hessian Structure? A Gradient Self Outer-Product Analysis at Initialization
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28975
摘要:Muon orthogonalizes a weight matrix's momentum before each step, and on neural networks this simple preconditioner beats AdamW in a wide range of tasks. Existing analyses explain Muon within general optimization frameworks or on a few specific models, and many of them view orthogonalization as a preconditioner. Since the Hessian is the optimal preconditioner under a quadratic approximation of the loss, these works leave a basic question open: what makes orthogonalization suited to the Hessian of a neural network? Prior work shows that the layer-wise Hessian of a neural network is row-block diagonally dominant, and Muon's implicit preconditioner, the Kronecker product $(\mathbf{V}\mathbf{V}^\top)^{1/2}\otimes\mathbf{I}$ with $\mathbf{V}$ the momentum, has the same row-block structure exactl
标题:Beyond the Sequentiality Bottleneck: A Hybrid Diffusion-Autoregressive Framework for Efficient Multimodal Reasoning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28584
摘要:Autoregressive models (ARMs) face a "Sequentiality Bottleneck" in reasoning, while diffusion language models (DLMs) offer parallelism but lack semantic coherence. To addresses both limitations, we propose Collaborative Reasoning Asymmetric Learning (CoRAL), a hybrid framework via an Asymmetric Planner-Executor (APE) architecture: a DLM Planner generates K diverse reasoning trajectories in parallel, while a large ARM Executor selects the optimal plan and synthesizes the final answer. To train the Planner effectively, we introduce Reward-Guided Denoising for CoT (RDC), which integrates outcome-based rewards into the diffusion process to steer it toward goal-directed reasoning. Experiments on vision-language benchmarks show that CoRAL significantly outperforms prior diffusion-based methods an
标题:Continual Concept Personalization in Diffusion Models via Residual-Space Adaptation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28567
摘要:Text-to-image personalization aims to equip pretrained diffusion models with the ability to learn user-specific concepts from only a few reference images. Existing methods, however, typically train each concept independently or assume that all concepts are available simultaneously. In practical applications, concepts often arrive sequentially, requiring models to continually learn new subjects, objects, or styles while minimizing interference with previously acquired concepts. We address this continual concept personalization setting by extending residual-space adaptation to the stochastic adaptation process of pretrained diffusion models. Our work achieves the highest concept fidelity among competing continual personalization methods while maintaining near-zero forgetting. Beyond these em
标题:VX-One: Typed, Calibrated Decision Heads for Real-Time Perimeter Triage - An empirical study of unknown-attack honesty, cascade gray zones, and calibration under drift
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30090
摘要:Perimeter triage faces a latency/semantics trade-off: signature engines are fast and format-safe but blind to unseen attacks, while generative models are semantic but slow and produce unparseable output. In late 2026 a class of commercial System One decision models (TypeSafe Jev; Microsoft-Decision-1) began selling typed decision primitives - binary gates, closed-set choices, ordinal scores - as product APIs, with no academic treatment. We present VX-One: a small multi-head network (100K-10M parameters) whose outputs are these primitives - a calibrated gate, a choice over a closed candidate set that always includes an explicit unknown option, and an ordinal score, trained multi-task, temperature-calibrated per head (~0.7-1.7 ms p50 on CPU). We evaluate it on UNSW-NB15, CIC-IDS2017, EMBER20
GuideEvolve 是一个引入任务特定专家评估的自进化智能体框架,以专家反馈引导演化方向。框架设计了 3Ts 机制:Think Fast and Slow 用于认知与计算优化,Throwback 通过时间回滚恢复性能,Termination by choice 则支持自适应终止。在 MGSM 和 MMLU 上,其准确率达到 89.8% 和 89.1%,整体可比当前先进方法,并将结果方差降低 25%~59%。该框架实现了 100% 的演化成功率,同时把平均优化迭代次数由基线的 30 次降至 15.1 次和 13.4 次。
用途与启示
为自进化智能体提供专家反馈与自主调控相结合的闭环演化范式。
利用状态回滚避免低质量更新持续累积,提升演化过程的容错性与稳定性。
通过自适应终止减少不必要的优化迭代,降低部署和推理成本。
其低方差与高演化成功率表明,该框架更适合对稳定性要求较高的生产环境。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:GuideEvolve: Self-Evolving Agent Framework with Expert Guidance and 3Ts Mechanisms
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30017
摘要:This study introduces GuideEvolve, a self-evolving agent framework incorporating expert guidance and three autonomous regulatory mechanisms, collectively termed the 3Ts: Think Fast and Slow, Throwback, and Termination by choice. The framework addresses critical limitations in extant self-evolving agent paradigms through dual innovations: (1) a task-specific expert-evaluation-driven evolutionary pipeline, and (2) the integration of 3Ts mechanisms to facilitate cognitive optimization, performance recovery via temporal rollback, and adaptive termination protocols. Empirical validation across the MGSM and MMLU benchmarks demonstrates that GuideEvolve attains performance metrics comparable to current state-of-the-art models (89.8% accuracy versus Gödel Agent's 90.6% on MGSM; 89.1% versus 87.9%
标题:VeriEvolve: Evaluator-First Evolution for Tool-Using Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29005
摘要:A central obstacle to self-improving agents is the absence of a reliable fitness signal for realistic stateful tasks. We introduce \textsc{VeriEvolve}, an evaluator-first evolution framework that constructs this missing evaluation layer before optimizing the agent. From task instruction, VeriEvolve synthesizes instruction-grounded challenge states and an executable evaluator that checks them. During each round of workflow evolution, the evaluator is frozen and serves as the fitness signal. Between rounds, VeriEvolve revises the evaluator by converting the end states of strong and weak runs into a pair of counterfactual test cases. Across all 30 MCPMark Filesystem tasks, VeriEvolve constructs 30 evaluators with 141 challenge states, achieving 141/141 agreement on the generated suites and 11
标题:Self-Improving Agents with World Model Predictive Paths
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28945
摘要:Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly expected to interact with environments and improve their decisions during deployment. However, how anticipating future outcomes and drawing on accumulated interaction experience can jointly support decision-making remains underexplored. We propose a test-time framework, inspired by Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) control, that combines multi-branch predictive analysis with experience-based adaptation. At each step, the agent proposes multiple candidate actions and imagines their outcomes with a world model, so that alternatives can be compared without being executed in the environment. Since language environments provide neither explicit dynamics nor costs, the predicted outcomes are evaluated for task progress and risk, and MPPI-sty
标题:Charts as Epistemic Actions for Experience-Driven Agentic Data Analysis
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30072
摘要:Data agents built on ReAct-style loops now execute complex analytical workflows over structured data, yet their intermediate reasoning still runs almost entirely through text. Human analysts instead move between numbers, tables, and charts, reading visual evidence to expose trends and anomalies that text summaries drop. We ask whether charts can serve as internal epistemic actions inside a data agent's reasoning loop, and how to teach an agent to use them. We first build \probe{}, a suite of 200 controlled tasks under four matched interface conditions, and find a persistent gap between what agents can read and what they choose to use. Agents score as well from self-generated charts as from numeric output, yet plotting access alone does not translate into consistent use. Task slices show th
标题:Robust Soft Skill Adaptation via Behavioral Localization in Tool-Using Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30041
摘要:Text skills can extend the capabilities of tool-using agents, but long skill descriptions increase computational costs. Soft prompts provide a compact alternative, yet learning from entire successful trajectories may also introduce unnecessary behavioral changes. We find that the useful effect of a text skill is highly concentrated in a small subset of trajectory positions. Based on this observation, we propose Behavioral Localization, which compares the frozen agent with and without the text skill to identify positions where the skill both increases the likelihood of successful tokens and meaningfully changes the next token distribution. We use these localized positions to supervise a short soft prompt. Experiments on SpreadsheetBench with a frozen Qwen3.6-35B-A3B agent show that the top
标题:SANE: Automated Scorer-Specific Metamorphic Testing for LLM Judges
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28886
摘要:LLM judges increasingly mediate benchmark evaluation, model selection, data curation, and training. Their decisions are useful only when each judge responds reliably to changes affecting its scoring criterion. Existing methods for reliability testing perturb inputs with known expected effects on judge scores. Prominent LLM-judge testing harnesses combine human-authored perturbation recipes with synthetic test generation, leaving scorer-specific recipe ideation outside the automated pipeline. This limits their use to fixed perturbations and pre-assumed scorer types. We introduce SANE, an agent-based framework that encodes behavioral requirements for stochastic evaluators as reusable agent instructions. Given a scorer specification, implementation, and representative inputs, the pipeline fir
ALIAS:评估 LLM 生成 TLA+ 规范的性能与记忆效应
ALIAS 通过 TLA+ 模型检查器审计一致标识符重命名(CIR),发现重命名后的分数下降混合了训练记忆、名称依赖评分与新名称处理成本,不能直接作为记忆证据。
标题:ALIAS: Evaluating Performance and Memorization in LLM-Written TLA+ Specifications
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29767
摘要:Memorization inflates the benchmark scores of large language models (LLMs), since a model can reproduce answers it saw in training. Researchers test for it with consistent identifier renaming (CIR), which gives every identifier in a task a new name, and treat a lower score on the renamed task as evidence of recall. We test this method on the Temporal Logic of Actions Plus (TLA+) language, whose model checker acts as an oracle by confirming whether a renamed task preserves the exact behaviors of the original. Across 111 TLA+-Bench tasks, renaming lowers the correctness of Claude Opus 4.8 from 28% to 18% and of GPT-5 from 9% to 7%. Most of this decrease comes from how the test grades, which requires exact names that most descriptions never state. Grading by behavior shrinks the decrease to a
Claude Sonnet 5.5在供应商适配框架下取得ARC-AGI-3 72.4%的成绩,整轮测试成本约8200美元。切换至标准测试框架后,其得分降至24.3%,成本仍高达7400美元,框架差异造成48.1个百分点的成绩波动。该模型在ARC-AGI-2和ARC-AGI-1上分别达到83.9%和96.5%,显示新基准显著提高了挑战难度。最大推理档位下,模型还会因思考过程耗尽全部输出Token预算而无法返回答案,相关成绩因此被官方排除。
标题:Your Benchmark Is an Empirical Measure Over Difficulty
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29927
摘要:A benchmark is not merely a collection of test questions; it naturally induces an empirical measure over difficulty. In this work, we develop this measure-based view of benchmark evaluation. This perspective allows us to identify and formalize two central failure modes: measure mismatch, where the benchmark difficulty distribution differs from the intended difficulty distribution, and coverage gaps, where uncovered regions along the difficulty axis prevent benchmarks from detecting meaningful localized training progress. We propose two diagnostic metrics that capture these two failure modes and provide rigorous theoretical guarantees. Empirically, we analyze 25 popular benchmarks spanning 7 domains using carefully estimated item difficulties. Our results show that many benchmarks implicitl
标题:Conflicted Records: Typed Adversarial Contracts for Auditable LLM Output Quality Enforcement
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29669
摘要:LLM-generated records increasingly populate production information systems where they are treated as data assets subject to the same quality expectations as records from operational databases. A single such record can simultaneously satisfy and violate a quality rule: a grounded fact adjacent to a hallucination, a useful answer adjacent to a stereotype. Classical data cleaning cannot resolve this because the two judgments are incompatible over the same span; a single LLM judge cannot either, since it shares the training biases that produced the conflict. Existing interventions such as prompt engineering, chain-of-thought, and RLHF reduce surface error rates but provide no audit trail and cannot distinguish genuine remediation from blanket suppression. The question is whether a deterministi
标题:Benchmarking and Error Analysis of Deep Search and Deep Research LLM Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29346
摘要:As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve into autonomous Deep Search and Deep Research Agents capable of executing long-horizon, multi-step tasks, evaluating their reliability becomes increasingly critical. However, existing evaluation paradigms predominantly focus on final task outcomes, leaving a significant gap in understanding the intermediate execution traces, where agents are highly susceptible to various errors. To address this critical gap, we introduce a comprehensive methodology and analytical framework designed specifically to diagnose errors in intermediate workflows. Building upon this framework, we establish a structured taxonomy that categorizes these vulnerabilities into two primary dimensions: System-Level Errors and Task-Level Errors. Through a systematic examination of ste
标题:Better Policies, Worse Verifier Audits
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29029
摘要:Verifier stacks increasingly sit inside post-training and test-time compute loops. We study a specific control loop: a component verifier is evaluated on fresh policy outputs against the full success label and refreshed when that aggregate score falls. For a conjunctive target $y = F \wedge M$, its on-policy AUC is $(1-q)A_{\mathrm{own}} + qA_{\mathrm{cross}}$, where $q = \Pr[F=1 \mid y=0]$. As the policy masters $F$, $q$ can rise toward one, removing weight from $F$-failures and rewarding information about $M$. We call this on-policy audit collapse. We derive a sharp identified set, a complete-erasure threshold, and the exact point at which the audit can prefer a worse component verifier; its population optimum is the full-outcome predictor, not the component oracle. An exact oracle exhib
标题:Auditing Conformal Prediction for Language Models Under Inference-Time Model Shift
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28937
摘要:Conformal prediction (CP) for language models is typically evaluated under a matched protocol, in which calibration and deployment use the same post-training inference configuration, such as quantization mode and inference temperature. In deployment, these choices often differ from those used at calibration to meet memory or throughput constraints or serving policies. We argue that this exposes a limitation in current CP evaluation protocols for language models. We formalize the underlying phenomenon as inference-time model shift: a change in the conformal score distribution induced by inference configuration rather than by the input--label distribution, and theoretically characterize how it breaks split-conformal exchangeability even when the task distribution and trained model are unchan
★3Quant-Arena:量化交易研究智能体评测基准arXiv · 科研评测 · 论文Quant-Arena 基于真实 A 股数据评估大语言模型智能体完成假设提出、信号实现、历史测试与策略冻结的端到端量化研究能力。
标题:Quant-Arena: Benchmarking LLM Agents for Quantitative Trading Research
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30113
摘要:Quantitative research is an iterative loop: a researcher proposes a market hypothesis, implements it as an executable signal, tests it on historical data, and decides what to keep. Existing benchmarks score formulas, code, or individual trading decisions, leaving open whether large language models (LLMs) can complete this loop and produce strategies that work beyond the research period. We introduce Quant-Arena, a benchmark and public leaderboard for end-to-end quantitative research on real A-share market data. A model constructs features and stock-scoring code, receives feedback only on 2022--2023, and freezes one strategy for assessment on the sealed year 2024. A cash-account evaluator applies trading constraints and costs, including market impact estimated from a simulated order book. S
Agent4Sci 是面向科学机器学习的长程智能体测试平台,覆盖 11 个领域、20 项基准,要求智能体改进已有最佳公开模型。当前前沿智能体在所有基准上均取得提升,其中 Claude Opus 的平均相对提升为 10.4%,且未发现学术不端行为。轨迹分析表明,这些进展主要来自常规机器学习工程技巧,而非真正的领域研究洞见,并暴露出新颖性校准不足、资源利用不充分及快速陷入局部工程搜索等问题。加入研究构思、实验管理和定时检查清单等轻量插件技能后,Claude Opus 的提升增至 20.1%,Codex 则由 4.4% 增至 8.1%,同时产生了更多样且更贴合领域的干预方案。
用途与启示
为评估科研智能体在真实、长程科学机器学习任务中的实际进展提供统一测试平台。
揭示基准分数提升可能主要源于工程调优,不能直接等同于研究级创新或领域洞见。
表明研究构思、实验管理和检查清单等脚手架技能可显著改善智能体的实验效率与方案多样性。
可用于追踪前沿智能体从自动化机器学习工程向自主科学研究能力演进的过程。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:Automating ML for Science: Can Frontier Agents Climb Scientific Hills in the Wild?
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28763
摘要:Frontier coding agents are increasingly framed as end-to-end automated researchers, and ML for science offers a demanding test of that promise: improving a scientific model often requires domain insight beyond routine ML engineering. We introduce Agent4Sci, a long-horizon testbed for measuring how far today's agents can improve the published best models on scientific ML benchmarks, spanning 20 benchmarks across 11 domains. Rather than ranking agents on a leaderboard, Agent4Sci asks what kinds of progress agents can make on these tasks under in-the-wild conditions, and where they fall short. Empirically, today's frontier agents advance the published best on every benchmark, with Claude Opus reaching 10.4% mean relative improvement and no run flagged for academic misconduct. These gains, how
标题:Commit or Abstain? System One Decision Models, LLMs, and Missing Legal Authority
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29961
摘要:Given the enormous number of claims to be checked, verifiable legal AI requires scalable, cost-effective models that answer the practical needs of law. System One decision models are built on large language models but, instead of generating text, return a calibrated probability for each option. This suits the verification of legal authority, where the question is closed: a given holding, or none of them. We test whether such models abstain when the correct authority is missing. We extend CaseHOLD with an abstention condition in which the correct holding is replaced in 1,670 of 5,314 items, and compare four decision models with six generative LLMs. When no option is correct, generative LLMs still pick one in 38-86% of items; the most cautious decision model does so in 30%. On standard CaseH
标题:Did the Problem Actually Get Harder? Testing LLMs on Paired P and NP-Complete Problems Hardened by Adversarial Multi-Agent Rewriting
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30103
摘要:Many NP-complete (NPC) problems have a polynomial-time (P) twin that differs in a single structural detail, such as 3- versus 2-colouring a graph. A model that reasons rather than recalls should notice which side of this boundary a problem falls on, yet existing benchmarks either fix the wording of each task or ignore its complexity class, so they cannot separate the two. We introduce P2NPCBench, a benchmark of 12 problem families in which every NPC problem is paired with a P twin posed over the same surface. To remove the textbook cues that enable recall, we build it with AgentGAN, an adversarial multi-agent framework in which a generator rewrites each statement until a panel of frozen code models fails, while an executable validity gate keeps every rewrite answer- and class-preserving. T
标题:UserSWE: Evaluating Coding Agents in Multi-Turn Conversations with Dynamic Users
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29822
摘要:As coding agents become more capable, developers increasingly use them to fix bugs through multi-turn interactions. Existing benchmarks do not adequately cover this scenario. Most present a complete issue report in a single turn without interaction. Their evaluation can produce both false positives and false negatives, accepting incorrect patches or rejecting correct ones. We introduce UserSWE for evaluating coding agents' ability to fix repository-level bugs through multi-turn interactions with dynamic users and execution-grounded verdicts at every turn. Its construction pipeline turns repository history and existing single-turn benchmarks into multi-turn tasks. At each turn, information pools constrain what the simulated user can reveal, while a persona chain sampled from a transition mo
同专题其余 1 条
★2VeeReview:基于 V 模型评测智能体 PR 的构建—验证配对arXiv · 代码评测 · 论文VeeReview 以 V 模型的四类构建—验证配对衡量 Pull Request 的验证证据,但其低校准度和弱标注一致性表明,当前工具尚不足以可靠比较智能体与人类的验证实践。
标题:VeeReview: Measuring Build-Verify Pairs in Agent-Authored Pull Requests from a V-Model Perspective
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29143
摘要:Context: Reviewing a pull request requires verification evidence that addresses the proposed change. Coding agent benchmarks and studies of pull request outcomes do not directly assess this relationship. Objective: We test whether the V-Model's build and verify pairs can measure verification evidence in pull requests and support comparisons between agent-authored and human-authored changes. Method: VeeReview classifies four build and verify pairs using repository signals and a language-model judge. Three pairs use model judgements constrained by deterministic signals, and a rule over the diff and repository tree decides Module Design-Unit Test. We evaluated VeeReview against a 25-pull request reference set labelled by two raters and applied it to 1,454 matched pairs of agent and human pull
★2前沿 AI 模型在 LIBERO-10 机器人操作任务上的评测arXiv · 具身规划 · 论文研究通过统一闭环框架评测六款前沿 AI 模型在 LIBERO-10 机器人操作任务中的零微调控制能力,揭示推理能力转化为可靠物理动作时的潜力、成本与局限。
标题:From Reasoning to Action: Benchmarking Frontier AI Models on LIBERO-10 Robot Manipulation Tasks
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30051
摘要:Recent advances in frontier AI models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in visual understanding, reasoning, planning, and tool use, raising the possibility of using general-purpose AI models for robot manipulation without task-specific training. However, their manipulation capabilities have not been systematically evaluated on standardized robotics benchmarks. In this report, we present a unified closed-loop manipulation framework for evaluating frontier AI models on the LIBERO-10 benchmark. Our framework enables models to control a robot directly through visual observations, robot proprioception, and structured tool calls, primarily by specifying target end-effector poses and gripper commands, without task-specific fine-tuning or pretrained manipulation skills. We evaluate six fro
标题:Agent Behavior Maps: Locating Agents by What They Would Do, Without Running Them
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30014
摘要:LLM agents with similar success rates can follow different action sequences. An Agent Behavior Map represents LLM-harness combinations using centered action log-likelihoods on shared reference trajectories, without requiring new environment rollouts from the target agent. We derive error bounds relating squared coordinate distances to trajectory KL under explicit assumptions, and across eight cross-scored models the distances track the directly measured trajectory KL in rank order. Across 100 LLMs and four environments, ALFWorld-based coordinates support performance prediction and identify behavioral similarities. In ALFWorld, these similarities persist after controlling for success rates and model size, including across model families. As an extension, harness-component displacements appr
标题:Bridging Foundational and Agentic Capabilities of LLMs
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29751
摘要:Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents, yet it remains unclear how their foundational capabilities translate into agentic capabilities. End-to-end scores leave unresolved whether low benchmark capability or weak deployment drives a failure, limiting actionable diagnosis. We bridge foundational and agentic capabilities through an operation-level measurement framework. We represent each model with a foundational profile derived from capability benchmarks and an operation profile derived from interaction trajectories, and define capability realization gaps as deviations of observed operation performance from predictions based on foundational capabilities. Experiments on fifteen model services in $τ^2$-Bench show that foundational profiles only partially predict agent
标题:CrashGym: Measuring the Decision Value of Experimentation for LLM Agents in Counterfactual Market Crashes
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29245
摘要:Language-model agents are increasingly asked to run experiments, yet benchmarks rarely measure whether those experiments improve the decisions they are meant to inform. We introduce CrashGym, a deterministic, replayable limit-order-book simulator in which an agent must choose between a deleveraging intervention and a liquidity backstop for a market about to suffer a shock-triggered crash. Before committing, the agent may query intervention experiments in a laboratory realization of the market. Its choice is then scored on an independently seeded target realization in which the simulator executes every feasible intervention, so regret relative to the best intervention is computed by directly simulating every alternative on the same target repeats, with no human or model-based judging. The s
标题:Preference Is Not Permission: Personalizing the Auto-Purchase Line in Agentic Commerce
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29216
摘要:Personalized shopping benchmarks ask which item fits the user; we ask how far an agent may commit on that item, and pose learning the individual's auto-purchase line as a task. The boundary is evidence-conditioned and three-valued: whether committing is appropriate depends on the sufficiency of product information (warrant), reversibility, price against the user's norm, and urgency, not only on fit; and the natural output is don't buy, confirm first, or buy automatically. Across sixteen instruction-tuned models, autonomous commitment is misaligned with a human authorization reference in which fifteen annotators, role-playing the delegating principal from a given profile, choose the furthest action they would allow without confirmation: models commit even when fit is low and when their own
标题:GenXR-Bench: Benchmarking Coding Agents for Interactive XR Development
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29014
摘要:Coding agents are rapidly advancing from single-file generation to long-horizon repository-scale engineering, yet the evaluation of their capabilities to author interactive extended reality (XR) applications remains an open challenge. Unlike traditional software, XR applications operate within dynamic 3D physical environments where runtime robustness depends jointly on continuous user motion, spatial input, and environmental sensing. We introduce GenXR-Bench, the first benchmark for the end-to-end evaluation of coding agents in XR software development. GenXR-Bench contains 112 expert-authored tasks spanning 24 feature implementations, 21 bug repairs, and 67 application generation tasks. Held-out tests combine scripted and adaptive interactions with programmatic and visual assertions to eva
标题:Back Up Before You Regret: Measuring Backup Awareness and Automating Backup in Coding Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28934
摘要:Coding agents now complete tasks autonomously, modifying real-world state such as artifacts, software environments, and configurations along the way. Yet they show limited backup awareness: recognizing that an action will modify state that may later be needed, and preserving it beforehand. To evaluate backup awareness, we introduce RegretBench, a benchmark of 205 executable tasks grounded in regret moments reported on platforms such as X.com, GitHub, and Stack Overflow, where users explicitly regretted not preserving state they later needed. Across six frontier models, agents complete 86.1% of tasks on average yet back up before these moments in only 15.2%, showing that task completion ability does not imply backup awareness. Because it is hard to predict which changes will be regretted, w
标题:Fig: Automated Multiagent Behavior Elicitor
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28891
摘要:Many social evaluations for multiagent systems study behaviors as they emerge from environments instead of systematically intervening in the environment to elicit such behaviors. We introduce Fig (Finding Interactions in Games), an agentic system that performs targeted elicitation interventions on game environments. It takes a natural language behavior description, decomposes it into sub-behaviors, generates new social games or selects existing ones, and executes single or combined interventions to the games' engine, opponents, instructions, and context. To evaluate model behavior, it combines built-in mechanical checks and synthetic rubric judgments. We validate the interventions, generated games, and evaluation mechanisms via human review. Models attempt the target behavior in 45.2% of e
标题:A Mechanistic Study of Automated Failure Attribution in LLM-based Agentic Systems
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28811
摘要:Agentic systems have demonstrated strong capabilities on complex tasks by enabling multiple interacting large language model (LLM)-based agents to collaborate and execute subtasks in parallel. However, this collaborative structure introduces new challenges for reliably evaluating and diagnosing system failures, particularly failure attribution: tracing a system's execution to identify the agent step responsible for an incorrect final outcome. Because manually performing this task is time- and labor-intensive, recent work has turned to LLMs as judges to automate the process, referred to as automated failure attribution (AFA). These approaches assume that a sufficiently capable model can infer the failing step directly from an interaction transcript. In practice, however, direct prompting of
标题:Is Anyone Enforcing the Cartel? What Reinforcement Learning Teaches LLM Agents in Markets
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28787
摘要:Evaluations of large language model (LLM) agents report that pricing agents collude at others' expense. Yet collusion is defined by enforcement: a cartel, in which competitors share monopoly profits, holds only if a member who cheats is punished. We introduce an audit that tests enforcement by forcing a member to cheat in counterfactual copies of a market, and use it to study what reinforcement learning (RL) teaches agents in pricing and trading. Small LLMs trained by RL learn what their training rivals reward, but only what they readily try. In self-play, they learn fixed rules ignoring their rivals; against a punishing rival, to be deterred; against a cheating rival, to match its cuts, never the costly price war that would deter it, which they rarely try. A war forced into training is le
标题:TIDE: Tree-Induced Fine-Grained Diagnostic Evaluation from Model Behaviors
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29985
摘要:Benchmark performance is the dominant standard for comparing large language models (LLMs), typically summarized by a single aggregate score, such as accuracy, pass rate, or rubric score. This aggregate score provides limited information about a model's underlying capabilities, yet understanding these capabilities is crucial for model development and evaluation. To this end, we propose Tree-Induced Diagnostic Evaluation (TIDE), which recasts diagnostic evaluation as behavior-driven decision-tree induction to perform fine-grained capability diagnosis. TIDE recursively builds a hierarchical capability tree from benchmark samples and model scores: at each node, an LLM judge proposes candidate splits and performs sample-to-group classification, and behavior-based information gain selects among
标题:SkillEval: Learning Interpretable Ability Profiles of LLMs via Cognitive Diagnosis Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28767
摘要:Current evaluation of LLMs on benchmarks typically aggregates performance over individual examples into a single scalar score. This approach is overly coarse and ignores the diverse scope of skills covered by benchmark datasets. To address this limitation and better exploit benchmark data, we propose SkillEval, a new evaluation framework that performs cross-model, skill-level analysis. The framework integrates advances from two areas: (1) it leverages the meta-cognitive capabilities of LLMs to automatically discover interpretable skills from questions, and (2) it applies cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) from psychometrics to estimate per-skill abilities of LLMs. We conduct experiments on 3,811 LLMs evaluated on 9,523 items across five benchmarks spanning diverse domains (MATH, BBH, GPQA,
标题:The Instruction Tax on Factual Recall: Base Models Can Beat Their Instruction-Tuned Counterparts
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28407
摘要:We present our solution to the AKBC LM-KBC 2026 Shared Task, where we achieved a score of 0.6836 on the official leaderboard, more than double the baseline of 0.2964. This task requires generating all possible objects for subject-relation pairs using a language model with up to 32 billion parameters, with no retrieval or fine-tuning involved. We show that the prompting methodology is as important as the model architecture: while the instruction-tuned model version achieves 0.5681 with its chat interface, the base model achieves 0.6836 when prompted using text completion. Thus, instruction tuning decreases factual recall; we refer to this effect as the instruction tax, which is caused by the model's weights rather than the prompting method. Our final solution is fairly straightforward: we p
标题:Unintended Side Effects of Value Training in LLMs
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29922
摘要:As LLMs are increasingly deployed in value-sensitive contexts, aligning them with human values has emerged as a post-training objective in NLP, aimed at instilling additional values and guiding model behaviour. However, current evaluations remain narrow. Because values are interconnected, it is unclear how fine-tuning for specific values alters unrelated capabilities and behaviours. In this work, we adapt four instruction-tuned LLMs across individual Hofstede's value dimensions and evaluate them on both cross-value transfer and broader behaviours. We find that value-specific training produces unintended side effects on untrained values, risk preferences, social cognition, and safety traits. Consequently, we suggest that value alignment after post-training should incorporate broader behavio
标题:A Diagnostic Study of Faithfulness in Diffusion Language Models for Table-to-Text Generation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29602
摘要:Diffusion language models generate by iteratively denoising a masked sequence under bidirectional attention, without the strict left-to-right commitment of autoregressive decoding. Whether this difference affects how reliably they remain grounded in structured inputs is largely unexplored. We study this question in table-to-text generation using ToTTo, where highlighted source cells make factual grounding directly testable. We compare the masked diffusion models MDLM and LLaDA with GPT-2 and GPT-Neo under an identical retrieval-based few-shot protocol, together with a QLoRA-adapted LLaDA, and we score reference similarity and source grounding as separate axes. The two pull apart. Within LLaDA, additional demonstrations raise BLEU from 11.3 to 22.0 while NLI entailment against the source ta
标题:BRIDGE: An Acceptance Gate to Block False Improvements in Model Updates, with a Retrospective Clinical Evaluation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29515
摘要:Models are updated repeatedly, and an update that looks better on validation data but not on new data is a false improvement that can misguide clinical decisions. The naive rule accepts every positive validation gain and is optimistic when the same data choose and judge the update. BRIDGE is a model-agnostic acceptance gate that decides each update from predictions and the available labels, with fixed settings. Each fold of the data judges the update chosen on the other folds (cross-fitting) to reduce selection bias; acceptance requires the gain's lower bootstrap bound to exceed a margin. The four settings are (A) 11 new datasets, (B) synthetic tasks, (C) 12 retrospective clinical tasks, and (D) 39 supporting datasets. The false-improvement rate falls from 19.1% (naive) to 1.1% (BRIDGE) in
标题:Same Probabilities, Different Advice: Gain-Loss Framing Effects in High-Stakes LLM Decision Support
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29294
摘要:Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support consequential decisions, yet their reliability under equivalent representations of uncertainty remains unclear. Existing work has documented prompt sensitivity, cognitive biases, and confidence miscalibration, but it is still unknown whether high-stakes advice changes when the same probability is expressed through complementary gain and loss frames. We introduce FrameBench-HPS, a controlled benchmark of 2,880 prompts derived from 240 high-stakes scenarios across healthcare, finance, education/career, and legal/consumer-rights domains. Across seven LLMs, gain-loss framing changes the recommendation category in 32.4% of complete groups, with most changes involving uncertainty rather than direct reversals. Human evaluation confirms
标题:Retrieval Augmented Generation Compositionality
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29722
摘要:Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds large language models in external knowledge. Modern pipelines combine embedding, chunking, retrieval, reranking, query augmentation, context compression, and agentic verification, yet these techniques are typically evaluated one at a time. It remains unclear whether their isolated gains survive composition, whether retrieval quality and answer faithfulness favor the same design choices, and whether conclusions from small corpora hold at large scale. We pre-declare three hypotheses and introduce LASAGNA, an open-source framework for controlled RAG evaluation. We test 450 configurations across eight benchmarks and corpora ranging from 5K to 200K documents. Three findings emerge. First, individually strong techniques from different phases of a RAG
[合并自 2026-10-23 rag-lasagna]
[检索增强生成的组合性(27 ▲)](https://huggingface.co/papers/2610.29722?utm_source=digest-papers&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=2026-10-22)
标题:Keeping Time vs. Understanding Time: Neither Alone Explains Temporal Reasoning in LLMs
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29507
摘要:Temporal reasoning is widely assumed to decompose into two modes: temporal arithmetic (date and time calculations), and temporal semantics (understanding temporal and causal relations). This dichotomy shapes how benchmarks are designed, how models are trained, and how progress is measured, yet its empirical validity has never been directly tested. We provide two lines of evidence that challenge it. First, we test whether tasks labelled as arithmetic or semantic by the benchmarks support transferable gains within their purported mode. Finetuning on these subsets yields predominantly dataset-specific gains ($+6.8$ to $+23.1$ percentage points), while transfer to a different dataset in the same mode ranges from $-3.2$ to $+1.1$ percentage points. Across the two benchmark families used in the
标题:From Prompts to Posteriors: Can LLM Agents Perform Bayesian Inference in Context?
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29331
摘要:Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied across the scientific discovery pipeline, from synthesizing literature to generating hypotheses to informing experimental design. A unifying principle behind these tasks is the need to continuously update beliefs as evidence accumulates, for which Bayesian inference provides a natural framework. However, existing work assumes that LLMs cannot carry out principled Bayesian belief updating in context, instead relying on simplifications and heuristics. To challenge this assumption, we present a principled evaluation of Bayesian reasoning capabilities in LLMs, analyzing both the model's internal consistency as well as its ability to recover an externally determined posterior. Specifically, we build an evaluation framework spanning qualitati
标题:Same Answer, Different Reasons: Trace-Level Divergence in Multilingual Large Language Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29092
摘要:Multilingual large language models are increasingly deployed in settings where visible reasoning traces support verification, education, and safety auditing, yet standard evaluations typically measure only final-answer agreement or holistic response similarity. As a result, they establish outcome consistency without determining whether users across languages receive comparable supporting evidence. We introduce a trace-level divergence framework that compares visible reasoning traces as structured sequences, decomposing agreement into structural similarity, order consistency, and holistic similarity, with pair-specific calibration to enable comparison across languages. Across three reasoning benchmarks, seven languages, and six frontier LLMs, the natural baseline---embedding each whole resp
论文提出受控评估协议 FairAMO,通过冻结候选时间序列基础模型的预测结果,区分候选模型质量与编排策略本身的贡献。在 GIFT-Eval 上,智能体模型编排能够提高预测准确率,但最佳编排器相较最佳单一 TSFM 的 MASE 降幅在所有任务上均低于 6%。收益主要来自候选模型在不同任务上的互补性,而非候选数量;继续增加成员会产生边际收益递减,冗余成员甚至可能抵消已有提升。历史证据的价值也会快速饱和,仅使用少量近期窗口即可获得全部收益。
用途与启示
为评估模型编排系统提供控制候选质量与预测结果的公平实验协议。
提醒系统设计者优先提升候选模型的互补性,而非盲目扩大候选池。
有助于准确归因时间序列预测提升,避免将候选模型优势误判为编排能力。
表明近期短窗口已足以支持编排决策,可减少历史上下文与推理成本。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:Rethinking Agentic Model Orchestration for Time Series Forecasting
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29504
摘要:Time series foundation models (TSFMs) perform unevenly across forecasting tasks. Recent work uses agentic model orchestration (AMO) to select or combine TSFMs, often outperforming individual forecasters. Yet these gains may reflect stronger or more complementary candidates rather than better orchestration. To disentangle these effects, we introduce FairAMO, a controlled evaluation protocol with frozen candidate forecasts. Experiments on GIFT-Eval show that AMO improves accuracy, but its gains are bounded by the candidate TSFMs. The best orchestrators reduce MASE by less than 6% relative to the best single TSFM across all tasks. These gains depend on complementarity (different candidates excel on different tasks) rather than the number of candidates. Adding members yields diminishing return
标题:Events, Not Pixels: Where World Models Get the Return Wrong
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29435
摘要:World models are increasingly used for planning, where a planner ranks candidate actions by returns imagined by the model. However, these models are judged mainly by how well they render frames, even though a visually faithful rollout can still assign the wrong return. To identify where this mismatch arises, we introduce a transition-level diagnostic that replaces imagined transitions with real ones and measures the reduction in return error against a budget-matched random control. Our analysis yields two findings. (1) Event transitions, the few steps where a reward is earned or an episode ends, are rendered as well as other steps (median pixel-error ratio 0.85), yet restoring them removes a median of 70% of the return error. In contrast, restoring transitions with the largest MSE, SSIM or
ARCANA(Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus of ANAlogy)专门评测远类比推理,即在表面差异较大的领域之间识别深层关系或结构相似性。任务要求将现实世界对象或物理现象映射为抽象的网格变换,与主要强调人类先验的 ARC-AGI 有所不同。人类实验表明参与者能够可靠完成这些任务,而多种大语言模型仍存在明显性能差距和系统性失效模式。作者进一步提出结合概念滑移、内省与反思的 ConceptSIR 框架,使标准语言模型解决了部分直接提示无法完成的 ARCANA 任务。
用途与启示
为远类比推理和跨域结构映射提供针对性的标准化评测工具。
可用于分析语言模型在抽象概念迁移、关系识别及网格变换中的系统性失效模式。
ConceptSIR 表明,引入概念滑移、内省和反思流程可能提升复杂类比任务的求解能力。
人类与模型之间的性能差距可为认知推理框架及训练方案设计提供参照。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:ARCANA: A Benchmark for Abstraction and Analogical Reasoning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29271
摘要:Analogical reasoning is widely considered a fundamental component of human intelligence. Few benchmarks are designed to explicitly test far analogical reasoning - reasoning between domains that are superficially dissimilar yet share deep relational or structural similarities. In this work, we introduce an analogical reasoning benchmark called Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus of ANAlogy (ARCANA). The tasks of ARCANA require performing far analogical mappings from real-world objects or physical phenomena to abstract grid-based transformations, different from the well-known ARC-AGI benchmark which primarily emphasized innate human priors. We validate ARCANA through a human study, demonstrating that humans solve these tasks reliably. In contrast, evaluations across a range of large language mo
标题:Beyond Binary Labels: Diagnostic Evaluation of LLM Safety with Prompt-Level Rubrics
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29225
摘要:Current LLM safety benchmarks predominantly rely on binary safe or unsafe labels, lacking explanatory depth and suffering from low consistency across automated judges. To address this, we introduce DiagSafe, a diagnostic evaluation framework that moves beyond binary classification by employing prompt-level rubrics. Grounded in globally applicable AI safety policies, each rubric provides explicit criteria along two dimensions: safety, which targets concrete harms with specific exemptions to suppress false positives, and usefulness, which independently evaluates instruction fulfillment. To ensure a robust and realistic evaluation, we construct a bilingual (English-Chinese) benchmark grounded in a comprehensive 84-label safety taxonomy, consisting of two subsets: DiagBase, which covers single
标题:Behavior Beyond Text: Evaluating Refusal Transfer Failure in LLM Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28982
摘要:While large language models are increasingly deployed as tool-calling agents, their safety evaluations still focus primarily on their ability to refuse harmful requests in text. We investigate whether the refusal behavior in text transfers to tool use. We construct a benchmark of 2,304 prompts across four domains, consisting of matched triplets that present the same harmful or benign request in text-only, standard tool-enabled, and adversarially framed tool-enabled settings. We then assess tool-call safety using 20 predefined forbidden actions. Testing five models of varying sizes and families, we find that requests refused in text frequently result in unsafe tool calls. Under standard tool-enabled prompting, this divergence occurs for 10-52 percent of harmful requests refused in chat. To
标题:norregel: a preregistered benchmark of dated numeric values in Norwegian law
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29207
摘要:norregel asks language models for numeric values in Norwegian statutes, regulations and parliamentary decisions (NOK amounts, percentages, multiples of the National Insurance basic amount (G) and age limits), each at a stated date. The 916 items were extracted mechanically from Lovdata's open data, and each carries the dated history of its provision, so an answer can be classed as correct, outdated, wrong or uninterpretable. We report a first and a second preregistered run on the same items. In the first run (five models, listed publicly only after local analysis), H1, that outdated answers are more frequent for values that took effect after a model's cutoff, could not be tested in substance, and H2 and H3 were inconclusive; Opus 5.5 and Sonnet 4.6 answered 46.7% and 40.2% of the 880 prima
标题:LIFT: Scoped Constraints for Evaluating and Training Instruction Following
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28819
摘要:Common instruction following (IF) benchmarks, such as IFEval, evaluate the ability of language models (LMs) to follow simple constraints that can easily be verified programmatically. These same constraints, in turn, are used as reward signals for reinforcement learning. This design may lead to reward hacking of constraints, pushing models away from the main task. Recent attempts to address this resulted in benchmarks with richer constraints, but required expert labor, remained closed-access, and cannot be easily extended. We present Lift-Bench, an IF benchmark that asks a model to draft a document given a topic and a structured outline. Constraints are scoped to certain document sections, providing finer control over constraint density. Lift-Bench includes both verifiable and judged constr
标题:Is In-Context Reinforcement Learning A Posterior Sampler? An Empirical Study
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28977
摘要:In-context reinforcement learning (ICRL) exploits the impressive in-context learning ability of large language models to zero-shot generalize to new, unseen tasks at inference time without any parameter updates. Among many approaches, the Decision-Pretrained Transformer (DPT) is particularly appealing for its theoretical grounding: under idealized assumptions such as a sufficiently expressive model and infinite pretraining data, DPT can perform Bayesian posterior sampling. Whether this characterization survives in practice remains open. Therefore, we ask: \textit{is ICRL, specifically DPT and our proposed DPT variants, a Bayesian posterior sampler in practice?} To approach this question, we establish two necessary conditions that a Bayesian posterior sampler must satisfy: \textit{sufficien
★2以信息分解形式化判定 AI 系统涌现arXiv · 信息分解 · 论文论文提出以信息分解统一刻画 AI 系统中的独有、冗余与协同信息,并将任务相关的协同信息作为可证伪的涌现判据。
标题:Claims of emergence in AI should be grounded in information decomposition
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28479
摘要:When a language model develops capabilities not traceable to its individual components, when a multi-agent AI system outperforms each agent on its own, or when a human-AI pair succeeds where either fails in isolation, AI researchers describe it as a case of ``synergy'' or ``emergence''. However, these are usually informal assessments not supported by a theoretical framework, making these claims impossible to compare or even meaningfully dispute. Here we argue that \emph{information decomposition can serve as a unifying formal framework to operationalize assessments about synergy in AI systems}. Information decomposition provides a way to distinguish qualitatively different \emph{types} of information, including unique information available from individual components, redundant information
标题:Every Model Leaves a Trace: Multi-Resolution LLM Fingerprinting
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28434
摘要:Large language models leave model-specific traces in their generated text, but it remains unclear how finely these fingerprints can distinguish related models and which signals remain informative as obvious cues are reduced. We study this through fingerprint resolution, considering both model resolution, from different families to distilled and adapted variants, and signal resolution across behavioral, stylometric, lexical, and semantic evidence. We progressively suppress surface cues, paraphrase outputs, vary the amount of available text, and test generalization across prompt distributions and languages. Our results show that fingerprints persist beyond broad family differences, remaining detectable in distilled models and even LoRA adaptations of the same base model. Although attribution
标题:DIVE: Benchmarking Full-Duplex Interaction with Visual Engagement in Continuous Streams
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28405
摘要:Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have substantially improved spoken interaction and video understanding. Existing online and streaming benchmarks primarily assess causal multimodal perception through timestamped question answering, whereas real-world interaction requires models to continuously identify task-relevant multimodal cues and decide whether, when, and how to respond. This leaves open how well current models can sustain real-time interaction throughout an evolving multimodal stream. To address this gap, we introduce DIVE, a benchmark for evaluating full-duplex interaction with visual engagement under continuous and realistic multimodal streams. It organizes six tasks into three complementary interaction scenarios. (1) Proactive Intervention evaluates whe
标题:Which Differences Matter? Controlled Tests of Rule Transfer, Joint Reliability, and Information Use in Decision Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30045
摘要:Decision models map stated rules and observed states to discrete answers. Aggregate accuracy leaves unresolved which rule and information changes guide those answers. We connect controlled input changes to transfer, joint reliability, and directed information use through executable arithmetic rules. Semantic rule separation and crossed rule and state tests make transfer and joint success separately measurable. We compare equivalent wordings, calibrate joint correctness through marginal-preserving reassociation, and alter tables to define alternative answer targets. Adaptation gains increase with nearest-source answer agreement; fully conflicting quartets yield small pooled gains and different gain signs across source splits. Equivalent rewrites have opposing task-level effects, linking tra
标题:Toward Recursive Self-Improvement in Physical AI
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29677
摘要:Recursive self-improvement (RSI) describes a system that improves not only its behavior but also the process by which it improves. Recent digital agents test this idea by rewriting their own code and checking each version with executable tests. Bringing these mechanisms into the physical world requires learning from partial observations through costly trials, while accounting for changing operating conditions and potentially irreversible consequences. We position RSI within robot learning and trace pathways from improving robot capabilities to improving the processes that generate them. We examine how physical experience can strengthen these improvement mechanisms and when the resulting gains can support further self-improvement of the mechanisms themselves. Gains carry forward only when f
[合并自 2026-10-24 item-19]
[迈向物理 AI 的递归式自我改进(46 ▲)](https://huggingface.co/papers/2610.29677?utm_source=digest-papers&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=2026-10-23)
标题:HGM-Dual: Lineage-Aware Guided Agent Harness Optimization for Long-Horizon Planning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30042
摘要:Harness optimization, which improves an agent's prompts, tools, and workflows, is an increasingly effective way to enhance agents built on frozen or closed-source LLMs. Leading approaches such as the Darwin--Godel Machine and the Huxley--Godel Machine (HGM) rely on recursive self-improvement and were developed mainly for coding, where the competence needed to improve the agent coincides with the competence being improved. Planning tasks, in which an agent must produce a sequence of tool calls that jointly satisfies interacting constraints, break this alignment. There, open-ended self-modification repeatedly explores ineffective changes and consumes substantial evaluation budgets. We introduce HGM-Dual, a diagnostic-guided framework for budget-efficient harness evolution for planning agents
Harness Scaling:面向跨脚手架泛化的智能体强化学习
Harness Scaling 通过因子化执行配置空间、正交设计与跨脚手架强化学习,提升智能体对未见白盒配置组合及 Claude Code、OpenClaw 等外部黑盒执行框架的泛化能力。
标题:Harness Scaling for Generalizable Agentic Reinforcement Learning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29458
摘要:Agent harnesses have become a central component of modern agentic systems, shaping how models use tools, manage context, and coordinate long-horizon interaction. Realizing the benefits of these harnesses depends on how effectively the underlying model can make use of them, motivating reinforcement learning directly through the harness. However, existing approaches typically train through a single fixed harness, which can lead to specialization and limited transfer across harness configurations. To address this, we introduce \textbf{Harness Scaling}, a new scaling dimension for agentic RL that extends training from a single harness to diverse execution configurations. Concretely, we construct a factorized harness space, select a compact training subset with balanced factorial coverage, and
[合并自 2026-10-23 harness-scaling-agentic-rl]
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/D4fxcy0-G0WsdGJMWsCg2A?scene=1
标题:Let Agents Design How They Search: Automatic Interface Optimization for Agentic Search
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29250
摘要:Agentic search depends on the interface through which a language-model agent accesses and explores a corpus. Existing interface designs are fixed by hand and applied unchanged to every corpus, although effective designs may depend on the corpus. We introduce SearchWeaver, a framework for automatic search interface optimization guided by downstream search performance. A proposer uses execution trajectories and task rewards to jointly revise corpus artifacts, executable tools, and usage instructions. This pro cess optimizes what information is prepared in advance, which operations tools perform, and which decisions remain with the search agent. With GPT-5.4-nano, the optimized interfaces improve answer accuracy from 71.6% to 78.4% on BrowseComp-Plus and average nDCG@10 from 45.7 to 55.0 acro
标题:Recursive Self-Improvement on a Budget: Scoring Code Edits Before They Run
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29121
摘要:A coding agent that rewrites its own scaffold has to choose which proposed edit to expand before that edit has been evaluated, and the search then has to return one agent. Each run fits one linear readout on the parent's steering-split solve rate and eight coordinates of the proposed diff, from 96 scaffold edits labeled by four evaluations of a 16-instance fit split, and then freezes the coefficients. HumanEval+ reserves 48 instances as the steering split and Polyglot reserves 64. That split scores parents and keeps an archive of four nodes. Huxley-Gödel Machine selection draws a parent by Thompson sampling on the steering counts of nodes that have already been evaluated, and it expands the child that parent proposes. Every method then returns the earliest evaluated node whose steering-spl
标题:Forging More Tasks into Better Harnesses: Agentic Harness Evolution via Successive Scale Racing
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28815
摘要:Agentic harness evolution optimizes an agent's instructions, tools, and control flow by using its task execution experiences as evolving evidence. While more evolution tasks should intuitively improve performance, our preliminary study reveals a paradoxical failure mode: the performance of existing methods degrades as the task pool expands. Our further analysis demonstrates that this degradation stems from suboptimal evidence selection during optimization, as different evidence combinations lead to substantially different evolution outcomes. To address this issue, we propose Successive Scale Racing (SSR), a framework that adaptively searches for optimal evidence combinations in each evolution round. SSR constructs diverse evidence combinations based on the corresponding task quality and co
★2迭代式 ML 智能体的显式反馈契约arXiv · 评测审计 · 论文论文通过限制验证分数的释放条件并明确停止与测试集访问规则,降低迭代式 ML 智能体对验证集的自适应过拟合,同时减少无效实验。
论文为迭代式 ML 智能体脚手架提出显式反馈契约,规定智能体能够观察的信息、迭代停止条件以及测试集的访问时机。该契约仅在候选提交的改进超过基于配对标准误计算的噪声阈值时释放验证分数,无需人工调整提升幅度。实验覆盖点击率预测、学习排序和无真实信号的控制任务;在控制任务中,精确分数反馈导致智能体报告 0.0157 的虚假增益,而契约将其降至 0.0033。该机制还缩小了真实任务的验证集—测试集性能差距,并将迭代次数从最多 30 次降至 4~12 次,且测试性能未受损。
用途与启示
为 ML 智能体实验平台建立可审计的反馈边界,防止智能体反复利用验证集噪声进行自适应选择。
使用配对标准误自动确定分数释放阈值,减少人工调参及任务间阈值迁移成本。
将持续耗尽实验预算视为反馈通道失控的信号,并以统计停止条件降低计算开销。
为智能体评测中的测试集隔离、停止策略和验证结果可信度提供可复用设计。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:An Explicit Feedback Contract for Iterative ML-Agent Harnesses
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28798
摘要:Iterative ML agents develop models by editing code, running experiments, reading a validation score, and choosing what to try next. In current harnesses this loop is served by an exact validation score returned after every attempt, which leaves the validation split open to adaptive selection. In this work, we introduce an explicit feedback contract for ML-agent harnesses, which specifies what an agent may observe, when iteration should stop, and when the test split may be touched. The contract releases a validation score only when a submission clears a noise threshold computed from the paired standard error, so no margin has to be tuned. We ran experiments on click-through-rate prediction, learning to rank, and a control task with no signal to find. The control is the sharpest case, becaus
科学智能体的引用安全检查不能停留在 PMID 或 DOI 存在性验证,还需审计文献与具体主张之间的语义相关性。
可将金标准证据条件下的性能作为推理能力上界,并与实时检索结果对比,以定位检索和推理各自造成的误差。
搜索预算利用率不足表明,智能体还需要更有效的停止策略、查询规划与检索反馈机制。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:Real PMIDs, Wrong Papers: Harness Design for Biomedical Claim-Verification Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29812
摘要:Literature-searching language agents are becoming a standard component of scientific assistants for the life sciences, yet there is little controlled evidence on which parts of their harness matter. We run a controlled ablation on biomedical claim verification (SciFact) with the live PubMed API as the only tool. Holding the backbone and output format fixed, we compare four harnesses: closed-book answering, single-shot retrieval using the claim as the query, a ReAct-style agent that writes its own PubMed queries, and an oracle given the gold abstracts, each with two efficient frontier backbones. Naive single-shot retrieval finds the gold paper for only 6% of claims and turns overconfident errors into abstentions without improving accuracy. Letting the model formulate its own queries triples
标准 PPO 的词元级裁剪只衡量当前词元条件概率的变化,忽略了前缀上下文本身由策略生成,因而在长响应和离策略训练中存在分布错配。作者将自回归生成表述为有限时域马尔可夫决策过程,并证明生成前缀的累积似然比是逐步策略改进项的精确重要性权重。EPIC 使用精确反向 KL 坐标 r-1-log r 构造前缀级信赖域,直接约束前缀分布的策略漂移,无需局部二次近似或专家路由回放。稀疏混合专家语言模型上的离策略强化学习实验显示,EPIC 在多项数学推理基准上持续优于标准裁剪和序列级裁剪基线,并与基于路由回放的方法保持竞争力。
用途与启示
为长响应生成中的 PPO 训练提供更符合自回归分布结构的信赖域约束。
可用于缓解离策略数据带来的前缀分布偏移,提高数学推理强化学习的稳定性与效果。
为混合专家语言模型提供无需专家路由回放的策略漂移控制方案。
表明策略优化应同时考虑当前动作概率与此前生成前缀的累积概率变化。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:EPIC: Rethinking Trust Regions for Autoregressive LLM Policies via Exact-KL Prefix Importance-Ratio Clipping
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29999
摘要:Reinforcement learning (RL) based on PPO-style clipping has become an effective approach to improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, standard token-level clipping measures policy change only through the conditional probability of the current token, while the prefix conditioning context is itself generated by the policy. This mismatch becomes especially consequential in long-response and off-policy training. We reformulate autoregressive generation as a finite-horizon Markov decision process and derive its performance-difference identity under behavior-policy sampling. The resulting change of measure identifies the cumulative likelihood ratio of the generated prefix as the exact importance weight for each stepwise policy-improvement term. Starting from
标题:Flat-RLVR: Sharpness-Aware Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards for Reasoning Capacity in LLMs
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29281
摘要:Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), particularly through group-relative policy optimization (GRPO), has emerged as a central paradigm for the post-training of large language models (LLMs). While RLVR is highly effective at enhancing the reasoning capabilities of LLMs, it commonly induces \textit{distribution sharpening}, whereby the policy distribution becomes excessively peaked and rare-yet-correct trajectories are progressively suppressed, thus diminishing sample diversity. To this end, we promote flat-reward optima in RLVR to smooth the policy distribution. We theoretically link flat reward RLVR to reduced distribution sharpening, and empirically show improved sample diversity while maintaining single-attempt accuracy. Our method, called \texttt{Flat}-RLVR, searches f
作者提出 Diverse Parallel Thinking(DPT),将路径多样性直接纳入强化学习奖励设计。
DPT惩罚并行路径之间的前缀相似性,促使模型形成不同的推理策略并更充分地探索解空间。
多项推理基准实验显示,DPT优于既有并行思考方法,并验证了路径多样性对推理性能的重要性。
用途与启示
为并行推理训练提供一种简单的模式坍缩缓解机制。
表明奖励函数不仅应关注答案正确性,也应显式鼓励推理轨迹的策略多样性。
可用于需要并行搜索、多假设维护和避免过早收敛的复杂推理任务。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:Parallel Thinking for Large Language Model with Path Diversity
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29501
摘要:Parallel thinking has emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by exploring multiple reasoning paths simultaneously. However, we identify that parallel thinking via Reinforcement Learning (RL) typically suffers from the mode collapse of reasoning paths, where parallel thinking trajectories degenerate into similar ones. This homogeneity undermines the fundamental motivation of parallel thinking, that is, maintaining multiple hypotheses concurrently to prevent premature loss into a suboptimal solution. In this paper, we propose Diverse Parallel Thinking (DPT), a simple yet effective RL approach for parallel thinking designed to encourage path diversity. DPT rewards the model to develop distinct reasoning strategies by penalizing
标题:Parallelizable Probabilistic Latent Reasoning for Diverse Reasoning Trajectories
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29385
摘要:Language models relying on verbalized Chain-of-Thought (CoT) are constrained to token-by-token generation in the language space, where many tokens serve textual coherence rather than core reasoning. This entangles genuine differences in logical trajectories with superficial variations in verbalization. Moving reasoning into a compact, continuous latent space offers a promising alternative for efficiently representing and exploring diverse reasoning trajectories. However, current latent models remain largely deterministic, capturing only a single reasoning trajectory rather than modeling a distribution over multiple valid alternatives. While stochastic approaches parameterize distributions over latent reasoning steps, they frequently suffer from unstable optimization and limited empirical p
标题:A Strong MoE Is All You Need for Process Supervision
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29498
摘要:Process reward models (PRMs) provide fine-grained supervision for multi-step reasoning, yet obtaining reliable process labels remains a central bottleneck. Existing approaches typically rely on human annotation, rollout-based estimation, or auxiliary verification. In this work, we explore a different source of process supervision natively exposed by Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models: expert routing. We show that simple routing statistics provide an intrinsic process-confidence signal that is competitive with conventional output-logit confidence. Building on this observation, we construct routing confidence by combining overall routing mass, head routing mass, and within-step routing variation, and introduce RoCo-Rethink, which identifies the least confident reasoning step and selectively reg
标题:TeachBack: Learning to Teach via Bidirectional Preference Optimization for On-Policy Self-Distillation
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29167
摘要:On-policy self-distillation (OPSD) enables a language model to learn from a Teacher instantiated from the same model but given access to privileged information, such as a reference solution. We find that access to sufficient privileged information allows the Teacher to generate highly accurate trajectories; however, accuracy alone does not guarantee that these trajectories are suitable for Student learning. Direct access to a complete solution may encourage shortened, reference-conditioned derivations that omit the exploration, verification, and self-correction required to solve problems without privileged information. We introduce TeachBack, a bidirectional preference-learning framework for on-policy self-distillation that learns not only from the Teacher but also how the Teacher should t
标题:ReAPO: Retry-Aware Policy Optimization for Efficient Exploration in LLM Reasoning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28770
摘要:RLVR improves language-model reasoning, but commonly relies on independent stochastic rollouts for exploration, which can repeatedly sample similar failed strategies. Prior work has seen success with approaches that guide exploration by introducing dependence into the sampling process by including incorrect solutions in the context for subsequent attempts. Still, these methods introduce the additional question of how to assign credit to each attempt. We propose to view the credit assignment through the lens of Stochastic Shortest Paths, a framework in classical reinforcement learning that seeks to minimize the expected cumulative cost to reach a terminal state (in our case, a verified successful response). We show that, under suitable simplifying assumptions, this perspective naturally lea
标题:Monitorability Is Trainable: Post-Training for Chain-of-Thought Monitorability
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29734
摘要:Chain-of-thought (CoT) monitoring is one of the few practical tools available for overseeing capable AI systems, but it is fragile: a model's reasoning is only useful to a monitor if it remains coupled to what the model actually does. This coupling can be degraded during training through, for example, CoT compression, optimization against a monitor, and out-of-context generalization from synthetic documents. In this work, we propose an unsupervised post-training objective based on maximizing mutual information between CoT and the output for improving CoT monitorability. Across three model organisms with degraded CoT, it recovers most or all of the lost monitorability. Applied to undegraded policies, it further improves judged monitorability, improves prediction of unsafe behavior by CoT mo
标题:Mitigating Query Shortcuts in Chain-of-Thought with Context-Aware Decoding
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29518
摘要:While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), recent studies have shown that final answers do not always depend on the generated rationales. In particular, LLMs may rely on query-specific shortcuts rather than the information provided by their reasoning steps. In this paper, we investigate whether context-aware decoding (CAD), an existing contrastive decoding method, can mitigate such shortcut behavior when applied to CoT reasoning. We study this application as Rationale Contrastive Decoding (RCD), which contrasts the next-token distributions conditioned on the query with and without its rationale, amplifying tokens whose likelihood increases due to the rationale. We provide a theoretical interpretation of this decoding rule via
标题:The Predictive--Optimization Gap in GuanDan Self-Play
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29411
摘要:Outcome-predictive signals are often treated as promising optimization targets in reinforcement learning, but predictive validity and optimization utility are different claims. We expose this distinction in GuanDan, a multi-round imperfect-information game in which the implication of a round outcome depends on the public match state. Held-out analysis shows that state--gain interactions provide incremental predictive value beyond a constant signed-gain effect, establishing that match progress is predictively meaningful. We then use changes in a frozen match-win predictor, $ΔΦ$, as a controlled round-level supervision intervention in a matched DanZero-style Monte Carlo self-play protocol. The intervention can succeed in an individual lineage: a selected progress-augmented checkpoint substan
标题:Reasoning-Search-Augmented LLMs: An Operational Taxonomy, Benchmark Analysis and Controlled Evidence Synthesis
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29189
摘要:Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive emergent reasoning capabilities, yet they remain constrained by fixed model parameters and finite context windows. Even when augmented with static retrieval, they can produce statements that are unsupported by, or even contradictory to, retrieved evidence. This leads to hallucinations, difficulty incorporating up-to-date information, and failures to correctly interpret or reconcile sources. Recent work addresses these limitations by tightly coupling step-by-step reasoning with interactive search, treating retrieval as an action within an iterative agentic loop rather than a one-shot preprocessing step. This study reviews frameworks that implement such reasoning-search loops by interleaving planning, querying, retrieval, integration, verif
标题:Mitigating Reward Hacking in Realistic Scenarios Through Representation Engineering
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29129
摘要:Reward hacking is a major problem in current production machine learning systems, resulting in costly and dangerous failures. Here we study how to monitor for and mitigate reward hacking in realistic settings, including tool calls and long contexts. We apply a dynamic intervention to steering directions obtained by three different methods: difference-in-means vectors from labeled rollouts, gradient optimization-based vectors, and vectors extracted when models reference an anti-reward-hacking model spec. This dynamic intervention perturbs model representations less than uniform steering vector addition to the residual stream, allowing for more precise edits. We find that we are able to cheaply and significantly reduce reward hacking without correspondingly significant costs to model coheren
标题:Remembering Through Change: Provenance-Preserving Hypergraph Memory for Multimodal Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29995
摘要:Long-term memory for multimodal agents remains challenging, as it must preserve fine-grained visual evidence while tracking entity evolution across sessions. Existing abstraction-based memories compress images into text, often discarding visually discriminative details, whereas pixel-preserving memories retain raw observations but struggle to reliably associate diverse observations with persistent entity identities and track their evolving states. To address these limitations, we propose MHG-Mem, a multimodal hypergraph memory that jointly organizes entity identity, state evolution, and provenance to visual evidence. Specifically, MHG-Mem represents distinct entity mentions and their observed facts as individual nodes, grouping identity-consistent mentions and facts through occurrence hype
标题:PreCoMem: Predictive Cognitive Memory for Self-Evolving Long-Term Dialogue Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29467
摘要:Long-horizon dialogue agents need to keep user memories stable enough for personalization while adapting when the user genuinely changes. Existing memory systems often append every observation or overwrite old entries by heuristic rules, which makes transient noise hard to distinguish from real belief drift. We introduce PreCoMem, a memory consolidation framework inspired by predictive coding that represents memory as confidence-weighted beliefs about the user's state. Its core signal, Effective Surprisal, combines semantic deviation and contradiction evidence, then downweights this signal when retrieval is diffuse and unreliable. According to effective surprisal, a two-threshold gate maps each turn to one of three deterministic updates: MAINTAIN reinforces supported beliefs, PROFILE store
标题:PerMIT: Securing Persistent Memory for LLM Agents via Machine-Checked Integrity Theorems and Scalable Community Trust
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28987
摘要:Persistent memory is a largely undefended surface for injection and poisoning, and the same risk limits memory sharing among agents. We present PerMIT, a memory architecture with provable integrity guarantees under an explicit trust assumption: only user-typed inputs and values confirmed at a gate are trusted. PerMIT mediates the release and use of untrusted environment-derived values through a finite memory interface, while preserving agent-driven multi-turn planning and tool choice. Over this finite interface, we prove two integrity theorems that are also machine-checked in Lean 4, which together ensure that environment-derived memory reaches a sensitive action only if confirmed at the gate and influences the agent's behavior only through what the gate displays. Every attack in our threa
标题:inr2action: Encoding Robot Episodes as Neural Implicit Representations for Recall and Action
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28882
摘要:Long-horizon robotic operation requires memory that scales with essential information rather than execution time. We present a parameter-space memory framework where each episode is stored as a separable object. A neural implicit representation is fitted to episode video from a shared, meta-learned initialization; the resulting weight delta constitutes the memory. Crucially, this delta remains a fixed size regardless of whether the episode spans a hundred or a hundred thousand frames. A learned projector maps the weight delta into token embeddings, conditioning a language model for question answering and a decoder for joint command regression, without frame retrieval at query time. On RoboMME, the language model exceeds chance across all question types, and the decoder achieves a mean $R^2
标题:Combining Long-Term Memory and LLMs Comes at a High Cost: From Prompt Injection to Persistent Compromise
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28810
摘要:The widespread adoption of generative artificial intelligence in recent years has brought a parallel rise in prompt injection and jailbreak attacks. By embedding malicious instructions, these exploits manipulate language models to bypass intended behavior and operational boundaries. In traditional chatbots, such attacks are confined to a single session because state memory is not preserved across conversations. However, persistent memory features in modern conversational interfaces enable cross-session attack propagation, establishing a threat vector known as memory injection. This work explores this emerging vulnerability in leading LLM-as-a-service platforms, highlighting its real-world severity and the need for countermeasures. While existing literature focuses on violations tailored to
标题:Memory-Centric Continual Learning for AI Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29357
摘要:Autonomous agents powered by foundation models can reason, plan, and use tools, but their fixed weights and context limits hinder sustained learning from experience over long-term deployment. While external memory systems attempt to bridge this gap, they mostly act as passive retrieval caches, evaluated primarily by whether they can recall stored facts or past interactions. Whether memory can drive genuine continual learning remains an open question. In this paper, we introduce Memory-Centric Continual Learning (MCCL), arguing that memory should be judged by whether it improves future actions, not merely what it retrieves. MCCL has three main parts. First, a three-axis taxonomy organizes memory by where state is stored (substrates), what form it takes (assets), and how it is managed (polic
标题:SpatialBrain: Spatial Intelligence Growing from Experience
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29317
摘要:Spatial reasoning requires more than access to geometric tools: a reasoner must decide when direct observation is sufficient and when to reconstruct, measure, or change reference frames. We present SpatialBrain, a framework that retains experience about these decisions while keeping its vision-language backbone fixed. The key distinction is between evidence about a scene and experience about how to reason with that evidence. 3DFusionMemory fuses current-scene observations into queryable spatial relations. A Spatial Skill Library provides reusable tool procedures, and Spatial Cognition associates task conditions with experience about when and how to use memory and skills. Completed trajectories are abstracted into process records and consolidated between task blocks, allowing later decision
标题:When Thoughts Become Memory: Unifying In-Context Learning and Fine-Tuning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29419
摘要:We are the first to give a certified rule for whether unseen data belong in a pretrained model's context or its weights, built on an exact law for their information value. That value, the code length saved on held-out queries, equals in expectation the bits stored about the query, plus a prior repair, minus a decoding loss, for any model, architecture, dataset and task. The law's ceilings certify the choice from one measurement, and an anytime-valid test makes it from held-out queries, with error controlled whenever it stops. Every certificate the ceilings issue on a trained transformer, TabPFN, an occupancy network and a stereo network is correct. The test picks TabPFN over XGBoost and a trained surrogate over an in-context learner on airfoil pressure, calls the better of GPT-2's cache an
标题:MOSAIC: An Omni-Modal Benchmark for Long-Term Memory and Cross-Modal Reasoning in Conversational Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29249
摘要:Omni-modal assistants must remember not only what users say, but also what they show and convey. Existing long-term memory benchmarks are mostly text-and-image or report a single end-to-end score, so they cannot locate whether evidence is lost when it is represented, retrieved, delivered, or read. We introduce MOSAIC, a benchmark of 923 questions over persona-grounded histories of 11-24 sessions spanning text, image, video, and audio. MOSAIC constructs targeted spatial, temporal, and prosodic signals rather than decorative media, with the strongest causal validation for spatial information and selector-level validation for annotated prosody, and pairs them with a matched diagnostic protocol that freezes the question, reader, prompt, and budget while intervening on representation, retrieval
标题:TraceForge: Distilling with Your Own Thinking
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29680
摘要:Using an LLM to generate training data for another is among the most general ways to train one, and it remains common practice. Some frontier teams have closed that route for their own models: what comes back is an answer, or a short summary, without the detailed reasoning trace behind it. That is a little ironic: they were themselves built on distilling human knowledge, and distilling an open-source model is still entirely routine; the restriction applies to their own outputs alone. Recent work recovers the hidden reasoning by replaying encrypted blocks across models. It somehow works, but it breaks the providers' terms of service, so it is not something a product can be built on long-term. We built the alternative. We take the context and the teacher's answer as input, and generate the r
标题:The Data Differentiator Framework (DDF): Quantifying Marginal Data Value with Information-Theoretic and Game-Theoretic Measures in an Agentic Evaluation Pipeline (SDSAE)
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28933
摘要:In data-rich enterprises the hard question is not whether a candidate dataset is good in isolation, but whether it adds information beyond what the organization already holds, and whether that increment is worth its price. We present the Data Differentiator Framework (DDF), a composite scoring method for candidate data assets that combines (i) a mutual-information-based redundancy penalty against the existing portfolio, (ii) a cost-normalized, significance-gated marginal utility score derived from an ablation study, and (iii) explicit governance inputs (trust, identity resolution quality, strategic weights) set by the business. The framework is executed by a staged pipeline, the Strategic Data Sourcing Agent Ecosystem (SDSAE), that short-circuits expensive model-retraining steps for assets
标题:From Association to Decision Value: Testing Paired Instruction Dependence for VLA Corpus Selection
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29646
摘要:Choosing among robot demonstration corpora is a ranking problem: an upstream diagnostic must preserve which candidates produce better downstream policies, not merely correlate with average performance. We study paired instruction dependence, the rate at which a demonstrator changes its first decision when only the goal changes. Across 136 independently seeded quadruped-navigation corpora, predictions developed on 56 corpora are evaluated prospectively on 80 held-out corpora. The audit is reliable and associated with downstream paired correctness, and lowers mean absolute prediction error when added to a correctness-aware baseline, but the primary proper-log-score increment is +0.059 nats (95% corpus-bootstrap CI [-0.027, 0.133]) and the prespecified top-20% comparison does not establish an
标题:OSynth: A Longitudinal, Context-Sensitive Evaluation of Meeting Understanding
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29319
摘要:Meeting notetakers are increasingly deployed in settings where longitudinal context is available including calendar metadata, prior meetings, emails, slides, and speaker enrollments; however, meeting corpora remain limited in terms of size, domain coverage, and available context. We present OSynth, a large-scale synthetic dataset of simulated organizations comprising 570 hours of meeting audio together with associated artifacts and a latent ground-truth state. In a pairwise comparison, human raters distinguish OSynth meetings from real meeting transcripts with only 56% accuracy based on excerpts of 150-300 words. Across state-of-the-art LLMs, additional context yields significant gains on several entity-sensitive dimensions, demonstrating limitations of contemporary approaches and the pote
标题:From Augmentation to Synthetic Evidence: Evaluating Generated Chest Radiographs at Dataset Intake
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29152
摘要:A generated chest radiograph can be useful as declared augmentation, but the same image becomes unsupported evidence when submitted as the record of a real examination. We study this problem by separating three questions: whether an image passes an automated quality check, whether an origin classifier flags it as generated, and whether a trusted record supports the claimed acquisition. In our experiments, Qwen selects up to 20 images from pools of 1,000 existing Cheff-identified or SynthCheX candidates. A receiver evaluates quality with MedGemma and predicted origin with a classifier on frozen DINOv3 features. Quality-based selection raises quality passes from 12 to 19 of 20 for Cheff-identified images and from 8 to 17 for SynthCheX. We find no evidence that selection improves passage thro
标题:RL-IF: Tracking Non-local Training Data Influence for Online Reinforcement Learning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28883
摘要:Online reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved significant success in decision-making tasks, but modern online RL remains highly sensitive to the quality of training experience. Understanding the contribution of individual training instances is therefore central to data-centric RL, with applications ranging from experience selection to policy interpretation. Existing data attribution methods for online RL primarily focus on local influence within a single training round, overlooking the non-local data influence across multiple training rounds. In this work, we formalize data attribution in online RL through a trajectory-level leave-one-out quantity, RL-LOO, which measures how one training sample influences a downstream target after subsequent online updates have taken place. We then deriv
标题:Recursive Code Evolution for Task-Oriented Semantic Communications
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29641
摘要:Semantic communication jointly optimizes inference accuracy, channel use, and computation, yet the underlying communication program is typically specified before training. This paper presents ComRSI (Communications-Oriented Recursive Self-Improvement), a framework for recursively evolving that program through large-language-model-assisted code edits. A fixed agent modifies the encoder, channel adapters, decoder, loss, and training policy; a protected evaluator screens candidates under prescribed budgets and resource constraints. Accepted code and textual feedback inform subsequent proposals, while candidate weights are trained from scratch. In the original ten-generation CIFAR-100 lineage, eight accepted revisions produce an attention-pooled code achieving 74.3% test accuracy over an Addit
标题:ExpEvolve: Structuring and Reusing Experience for Open-Ended Discovery
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29303
摘要:Evolutionary coding agents such as AlphaEvolve are one of the notable successes in using Large Language Models (LLMs) to build AI Scientists. These agents tackle open-ended scientific problems by iteratively improving and evolving programs, leveraging the prior knowledge and reasoning capabilities of LLMs. Despite their success, mutations over programs are mostly low-level upon surface heuristics, without a persistent unit of control. In contrast, science compounds through ideas. In this work, we propose ExpEvolve, which injects idea-level extraction and control into evolution: it discovers and leverages the high-level factors from programs that explain scoring differences among different programs. We characterize theoretical conditions on when discovery with idea factors improves sample e
标题:RegoMender: A Multi-agent Framework for Automated Rego Policy Repair
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29456
摘要:Policy-as-Code (PaC) has emerged as a foundational paradigm in cloud-native systems. However, repairing Rego policies remains challenging due to their strict syntax, declarative semantics, and specific verification requirements. Existing automated program repair (APR) methods are mainly designed for mainstream languages and struggle to accommodate the unique policy logic and repair workflows of Rego. Thus, Rego policy repair remains a manual process driven by trial and error. To address this, we introduce RegoBench, the first automated Rego policy benchmark comprising 1,159 real-world defects, and propose RegoMender, a feedback-guided multi-agent framework. Collaborating via a shared blackboard and an atomic toolkit, RegoMender dynamically executes patching, rewriting, or rolling back, to
标题:ORSMT: Unleashing the Potential of Satisfiability Modulo Theories for Semantic Verification and Repair in LLM-Based Optimization
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29145
摘要:Large language models increasingly automate optimization modeling from natural language problems, producing written mathematics, solver code and a returned report. Verifying one optimization problem across these artifacts requires semantic comparison: unequal models can attain the same objective, equivalent models can use different auxiliary variables, and mutually consistent artifacts can omit the same source requirement. ORSMT provides a typed semantic interface and exact SMT relation queries. It aligns observable decisions, projects auxiliary variables, proves or refutes feasible region and objective relations, localizes refutations to implicated rows or domains and links source texts when available. It then reconstructs one artifact from another, and each adopted candidate passes the r
标题:PACE: Periodic and Channel-Aligned Encoding of Four-Bit Recurrent States
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29545
摘要:Linear-attention language models keep their context in a recurrent state of fixed size, where an inference system stores one copy of this state for every sequence it decodes at the same time. Storing the state at lower precision therefore lets more sequences share an accelerator. Existing state quantizers round the state after every generated token and report that four bits lose accuracy unless the bit width is raised or the model is fine-tuned.\par We introduce PACE, a post-hoc four-bit state quantizer. PACE rounds the state only once every few generated tokens, as chunked kernels already do once per chunk during prefill, and keeps the tokens generated in between in a small buffer. Rounding less often reduces the error that accumulates in the state. Additionally, we find that the large en
标题:SPARE: Sparsity Allocation via Routing Entropy for Efficient MoEs
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29662
摘要:Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures scale model capacity efficiently, yet their substantial memory footprint poses a major barrier to deployment. Expert pruning reduces this footprint, but most methods focus on which experts to remove and prune every layer equally. We propose SPARE (Sparsity Allocation via Routing Entropy), a training-free, selector-agnostic method that decides how many experts to remove from each layer using routing entropy, the entropy of tokens' normalized Top-K gate weights on calibration data. When a token's gate weight is spread evenly, removing one active expert discards little of it, so SPARE prunes layers with more diffuse routing more aggressively. A perturbation bound under random pruning formalizes this intuition, and controlled interventions with a fixed se
标题:Compressing Onboard Language Models for Space Robots under a Behavioral-Fidelity Requirement
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29302
摘要:Language models are being explored as the interface through which space robots interpret operator commands and select among verified skills. Running them onboard calls for low-bit compression, and flight use adds requirements that generic post-training quantization leaves implicit: a fixed memory budget and storage format, a static artifact under configuration control, and behavior close to the full-precision model validated on the ground. We treat compression as a ground-segment step and study QSelect, which composes one static low-bit model from compatible AWQ, GPTQ, and AutoRound checkpoints by assigning each linear module to one quantizer family and scoring every substitution at the final next-token distribution. The default fidelity mode needs no labels or tuned thresholds and accepts
标题:Building a Nested LADDER for LLM Unstructured Post-Training Pruning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28773
摘要:Non-uniform allocation can improve post-training pruning of large language models, yet quality can still degrade sharply at high sparsity. To control degradation as sparsity increases, we introduce LADDER (Layer-Wise Allocation via Damage-Driven Evaluation and Refinement), which allocates sparsity incrementally. At each step, it evaluates pruning an additional fraction of weights from each eligible layer and commits the layer update that causes the least end-to-end degradation per removed parameter. This process produces non-uniform sparsity profiles and exactly nested masks across multiple budgets. We evaluate LADDER on five OPT, Llama, and Qwen models across 10-90% sparsity, using SparseGPT as its candidate-generation backend and comparing against uniform and adaptive allocation baseline
可用于降低大型 KV Cache 的访问成本,并为长上下文服务系统的 CUDA 内核优化提供实现参考。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:Stratified Sparse Attention: Reducing the Sparse-to-Dense Gap at Extreme Sparsity
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28441
摘要:Large Language Model inference over long contexts is increasingly bottlenecked by the cost of attending to a growing Key-Value (KV) cache. Sparse attention reduces this cost by accessing only a fraction of the cache, but existing methods face a trade-off between deterministic retrieval, which captures high-scoring tokens but discards residual attention mass, and sampling, which improves coverage at the cost of higher variance. Hybrid methods combine top-$k$ retrieval with uniform sampling, yet still exhibit a substantial gap from dense attention at aggressive sparsity. We introduce \emph{Stratified Sparse Attention (SSA)}, a unified framework combining deterministic retrieval with score-guided sampling. SSA deterministically attends to high-scoring tokens while sampling the residual using
标题:Signals and Queries: Token-Efficient Agentic Context Discovery
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29326
摘要:User-facing LLM agents must identify which behavioral policies apply at each turn, but evaluating every policy with an LLM is costly. We introduce Signals and Queries (S&Q), a lightweight first-stage relevance filter developed for Parlant 4.0 that removes at least 30% of candidate policies before downstream evaluation while preserving high recall. For each policy, an LLM generates activating examples and hard negatives offline. An independent logistic classifier trained on their embeddings then predicts relevance using embeddings and vector dot products, with no per-turn LLM calls. This shifts expensive relevance evaluation to a smaller candidate set, while allowing each policy's classifier to be updated independently. Evaluated against 9,144 LLM-judge relevance labels covering 254 $τ^2$-b
标题:Adaptive Multi-Token Prediction: How far should we go?
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28619
摘要:Multi-token prediction (MTP) can accelerate language-model decoding by drafting several tokens and verifying them in a single target-model pass. However, the best speculation horizon changes with context: longer drafts offer greater amortization when reliable, but can waste compute on suffixes discarded after a rejection. Unlike autoregressive drafting, where a stopping rule can decide token by token, MTP must fix the horizon before drafting, as all heads fire in the same forward pass. We therefore formulate horizon selection as an online control problem, using verification feedback to learn how far the draft can be trusted in each context, and introduce Adaptive Multi-Token Prediction (AMTP): a lightweight controller that requires no retraining and leaves the exact verifier unchanged. To
标题:BitMTP: When Multi-Token Prediction Meets Low-Bit Large Language Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28500
摘要:For efficient deployment of large language models (LLMs), methods of ultra-low-bit backbones reduce weight storage, memory traffic, and linear-layer execution cost, while multi-token prediction (MTP) methods reduce sequential decoding steps by predicting multiple future tokens in parallel. Although complementary, the direct combination of these methods cannot accelerate decoding at comparable quality: masked drafting lacks intermediate token input supplied in next-token training, while wider computation and causal key-value (KV) updates can offset the savings from fewer steps. To address these challenges, we propose BitMTP, an algorithm-system co-design framework for efficient MTP on ultra-low-bit LLM backbones. A joint next-token prediction and MTP objective equips a single model with bot
标题:Resuming Vision-Language Inference across Onboard Interruptions
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29183
摘要:Executing vision-language models (VLMs) aboard low-Earth orbit satellites enables flexible processing of observation data without first downlinking it to the ground. On commercial off-the-shelf payloads, however, a request may span multiple execution windows: power and thermal constraints, fault-triggered reboots, and competing payload demands can interrupt inference before it completes. Each shutdown discards volatile activations and KV caches, forcing an unprotected request to repeat work after restart. We present OrbitWeaver, a framework that preserves VLM inference progress across onboard interruptions through coordinated checkpointing and recovery. Its phase-aware checkpointing selects recovery boundaries according to the state lifetimes and computational characteristics of vision enc
标题:TrainBridge: Agentic NPU Training Optimization Guided by GPU Compilation Evidence
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29171
摘要:We study how to improve training efficiency on Ascend NPUs. In the NPU training programs we study, framework-level compilation optimizations such as operator fusion are only partially applied, leaving fragmented computation and avoidable execution overheads. Profiling-guided tuning can address these inefficiencies, but it often requires costly trial and error. To make training on NPUs more efficient, we propose TrainBridge, an agentic approach for transferring GPU optimization guidance to NPU training. TrainBridge uses the highly optimized execution produced by mature GPU compilation stacks as a task-specific reference for NPU tuning. It extracts optimization intents from the GPU training execution to guide NPU program rewrites and further refines the rewritten program through iterative pr
标题:JaxMARL-BC: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Macroeconomic Modelling, in Seconds
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28907
摘要:Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) offers a principled way of populating simulated economies with many heterogeneous decision makers. Its adoption, pioneered in finance, has nonetheless been slow in macroeconomics because of two main limitations: the lack of a shared frame of reference connecting MARL systems to dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models the profession already trusts, and the very long training times. The first limitation was recently addressed by the Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Business Cycle (MARL-BC), which places deep RL households in a real business cycle economy and reduces to classic DSGE models in specific limits. Here we address the second limitation. We present JaxMARL-BC, a JAX-accelerated simulator that trains MARL-BC economies in second
DiffResearch是一个开放的多智能体深度研究框架,在规划、证据收集、综合与修订等阶段统一采用扩散语言模型。研究在固定智能体脚手架、检索代码、提示词和评测流程的条件下,对比扩散模型与同等规模的自回归模型。在100项Deep Research Bench任务上,扩散骨干实现约6倍端到端加速,主要来自规划和长文写作阶段数量级的延迟下降。其dFast模式可从中间去噪状态提前提取子查询,使任务分解的中位速度提升1.99倍,且未损害报告质量,并在RACE评分中取得三种配置里的最佳总分。
用途与启示
说明扩散语言模型可突破自回归解码对深度研究系统规划与长文生成延迟的限制。
提供控制脚手架、检索和提示词变量的骨干模型对照范式,便于评估不同生成架构的系统级收益。
dFast展示了利用中间去噪状态提前驱动检索和任务分解的可能性,可用于构建低延迟交互式研究智能体。
结果表明系统优化应同时关注端到端延迟与报告质量,而非仅比较单步词元生成速度。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:DiffResearch: Accelerating Deep Research with Diffusion Language Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28909
摘要:Deep research systems iteratively plan, gather evidence, synthesize, and revise, making end-to-end latency a key bottleneck for interactive use. Almost all production systems are built on autoregressive (AR) language models and inherit left-to-right decoding in planning and long-form writing. We present DiffResearch, an open multi-agent deep research framework that places a diffusion language model (dLLM) at the core of every stage, and measure how a diffusion backbone changes latency and report quality. Holding the agentic scaffold, retrieval code, prompts, and evaluation fixed, we swap the backbone between an open diffusion model and a comparable AR model. Across 100 Deep Research Bench tasks, the diffusion backbone is roughly 6 times faster end-to-end, driven by order-of-magnitude reduc
★2英伟达发布桌面级本地 AI 硬件矩阵新智元 ASI爆点 · 端侧模型 · 原文英伟达在柏林 GTC 展示覆盖个人、开发者和企业团队的本地 AI 硬件矩阵,推动大模型训练与推理从云端迁移至桌面设备。
标题:One Act, Many Masks: Effect-Marginal Policy Optimization for Long-Horizon Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29427
摘要:Recent advances in multi-turn reinforcement learning (RL) have substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on complex, long-horizon interactive tasks. However, despite progress in fine-grained credit assignment, policy optimization still applies these learning signals through response-specific probability ratios. Different textual responses can induce the same executable effect, yet credit differences arising from subsequent outcomes remain tied to their individual textual realizations. We identify this mismatch as credit-update misalignment. Our analysis reveals that credit-text pairing directly shapes policy-update directions, even when the policy context and executable effect are held fixed. Motivated by this finding, we propose Effect-Marginal Policy Optimization (EMPO), which
标题:BIRD-RL: Scaling Agentic Reinforcement Learning over Stateful Data-Centric Environments
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29426
摘要:While agentic reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for training small language models (SLMs), existing frameworks are predominantly tool-centric and struggle with data-centric environments. Specifically, applying tool-centric frameworks to stateful tasks like SQL debugging introduces severe spatial inefficiencies since proper environment isolation typically requires a separate database container per rollout. Naively reusing databases without tracking evolving states across multi-turn interactions causes trajectory contamination and cross-trajectory interference, which severely destabilizes policy updates. To overcome these bottlenecks, we introduce BIRD-RL, a novel four-stage agentic RL curriculum that alternately enhances foundational agent reasoning and traject
标题:CORD: Conflict-Aware Optimization for Joint RL and Distillation in Agents
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29965
摘要:Joint reinforcement learning and self-distillation combines task rewards with dense teacher guidance for agent training, but their gradients can partly cancel. A mixing coefficient controls relative scale without selectively removing opposing components. We present CORD, a general framework for conflict-aware optimization of two objectives. CORD separates the choice of protected objective from the condition that triggers projection, and combines the gradients once per optimizer mini-batch. A nearest-point formulation yields a closed-form update and characterizes its first-order effect on the protected objective before optimizer transformations. Gradient diagnostics connect conflict in agent training to lost local optimization progress and motivate selective correction. As a gradient-combin
标题:D-Skill: Distilling Teacher Knowledge through Agent Skills
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28914
摘要:Frontier language-model agents excel at complex tasks, but high inference costs make transferring their capabilities to smaller models essential. Traditional knowledge distillation achieves this through parameter updates, requiring access to the student's weights and additional training compute while encoding the transferred knowledge implicitly in the parameters. We introduce D-Skill, a framework that treats the teacher as a black box and distills its behavioral advantage into an interpretable natural-language skill by analyzing paired rollouts and identifying behavioral divergences and agreements. The resulting lessons are consolidated offline, with any compatible skill-update backend, into a skill document that is provided to the student at inference time. D-Skill constructs the skill e
标题:Measure First, Then Allocate: Calibrated Rollout Budgets for MCP Agents in Reinforcement Learning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28785
摘要:Training tool-using language models requires costly interaction, yet identical rewards within a rollout group provide no group-relative learning signal. We use reward disagreement to guide harness evaluation and the allocation of rollouts for policy training in Model Context Protocol (MCP) environments. We first introduce Discord, which tests harness edits using exact paired inference and decision-preserving early stopping: only disagreeing paired outcomes favor one harness over another. This insight motivates prospective allocation in BRACE (Bank-calibrated Rollout Allocation under Correlated Episodes). BRACE combines historical task evidence, uncertainty in task success rates, and a correlated reward model to forecast mixed-reward groups before allocating generation budget. Controlled ha
标题:SimHack: Predicting the onset of detectable reward hacking before RL training
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28707
摘要:When training LLMs to code with reinforcement learning, reward hacking is often detectable but difficult to prevent, since (a) environment hardening is increasingly difficult as training environments grow more complex; and (b) training-time interventions incentivize models to obfuscate hacking behavior to bypass detection. We instead study whether we can predict when detectable reward hacking becomes dominant before executing an RL run, enabling us to select lower-risk recipes in advance. We find that the initial hacking rate alone does not determine onset, which varies substantially across training recipes and repeated runs. We thus formulate this problem as predicting the distribution of the reward hacking onset step under a target training recipe. We introduce SimHack, a simulator that
标题:Asymmetric On-Policy Distillation Learns In-Context Exploration
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30105
摘要:Sequential decision-making under partial observability is difficult because agents must explore to infer hidden, task-relevant information before acting effectively. Learning such information-gathering behaviors tabula rasa via online reinforcement learning is sample-inefficient, whereas offline imitation averages expert actions across hidden states and fails to learn exploration. In this work, we propose ASTEROID, a simple and effective student--teacher supervised learning framework that can learn test-time exploration. Although a privileged expert never needs to explore, we demonstrate that a history-conditioned student can learn to do so when trained with on-policy contexts: the student first collects on-policy context under partial observability, and the privileged expert provides acti
标题:Steering Black-Box Large Language Model Agents with Pitfall Anticipation World Model
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29139
摘要:Frontier black-box Large Language Model (LLM) agents are proficient at long-horizon reasoning and precise action generation. However, when it comes to a specific agentic task, they have no internalized knowledge of how that particular environment unfolds. A world model offers a natural remedy, providing the agent with environment specific knowledge by foreseeing how the environment will respond to the action it is about to take. Prior world models for LLM agents mainly predict next observations at each step, which is costly and often uninformative because individual observations provide limited task-relevant guidance and not every step requires call for foresight. This raises a key question: what a world model should predict and when should it be invoked for agentic tasks? Our pilot study
标题:AgentPolicyForge: From Executable Environments to Policy Benchmarks and Adaptive Guards
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28989
摘要:Customized agent deployments define policies over tools, resources, and execution conditions. Providing these policies in the task agent's prompt does not reliably prevent violations. Training a guard requires examples of tool calls that comply with or violate those policies. We introduce AgentPolicyForge, a framework that uses executable environments to construct policy benchmarks and iteratively train policy guards. With this framework, we construct PolicyGym, a dataset across ten policy families using 698 scenarios for training data generation and 254 separate held-out scenarios for human-reviewed test sets. Tool calls are executed and their outcomes recorded to help determine whether they comply with the policy. Every violating case uses a permitted tool, requiring checks of arguments,
标题:When Multiple Choices Are Correct: Asymmetric Probability Allocation in Jev and Other Decision Models
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29217
摘要:Decision models return normalized probability distributions over candidate choices, which downstream applications can use to select among choices. Although their providers emphasize the reliability of these probabilities, calibration on tasks with a single correct choice does not establish their reliability when multiple choices are correct. We evaluate three decision models (Jev, Liquid d1, and GPT-6 Luna Decisions) on three diverse datasets (MetaTool, HotpotQA, and ECtHR) to study probability allocation and thresholding. Even when models rank every correct choice above every distractor, in 28% to 50% of those lists, at least one correct choice receives a probability below the uniform probability of 1/n, where n is the number of choices. We also present each model with five identical copi
标题:Scan or Index? large Evidence Coverage, Answer Quality, and Cost in Long-Document RAG
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28957
摘要:Scanning every passage in a long document seems thorough, but does it preserve more useful evidence or produce better answers? We compare 11 retrieval configurations spanning lexical and dense search, hybrid reranking, and full-document scanning with Jev, OpenAI Decisions, and Cloudflare Clef. Our evaluation uses 396 QASPER questions and 80 questions from eight complete textbooks, with common passages, a five-passage limit, and a fixed answer generator. On books, Hybrid + Jev achieves the highest observed evidence coverage (94.1%), compared with 88.7% for Jev full scan and 81.3\% for OpenAI dense retrieval. Full scans examine every passage initially, yet later reduction steps can discard relevant evidence. Higher evidence coverage also does not consistently produce better answers: Hybrid +
★3决策语言模型:低成本快速替代临床 AI 的 LLM 评判器arXiv · 医疗人工智能评测 · 论文决策语言模型 Jev 在多项临床生成式 AI 评测中取得接近或超过多种 LLM 评判器的一致性,同时显著降低成本与延迟。
标题:Decision language models as affordable and rapid alternatives to LLM judges of clinical generative AI
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28826
摘要:Automated judges of clinical artificial intelligence (AI) outputs are necessary, but large language model (LLM) judges are costly and slow at scale. We compared Jev, a decision language model that returns structured judgments, with frontier and open-weight LLM judges in four use cases. On 118 pediatric answers, Jev's agreement with physicians' ordinal quality ratings (Gwet's AC2 0.50; expected score 0.53) matched or exceeded that of seven of 12 LLM judges, including frontier models, Claude Opus 5.5 (0.49) and GPT-6 (0.38). On physician-graded binary HealthBench criteria, Jev matched or exceeded four of six LLM judges. On MedHELM's open-ended tasks, Jev's agreement with a three-LLM jury approached or exceeded the jurors' internal agreement. On HealthBench Professional, Jev matched the bench
标题:Inheritance as an Admission Test for LLM Prompt Merge Operators
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29023
摘要:Large language model (LLM) agents are often improved by iterating until a fixed verifier is done. Once that verifier saturates, the loop has nothing left to climb. We instead score agents against the current population, and a frozen panel records whether anyone got better. The panel mean can rise inside the seeds by elimination alone. We therefore count a run as training only when its final mean beats the best generation-zero member. A merge is admitted only when the child moves toward the donor, past the child the same operator produces at zero dose, and the lower confidence bound on that movement reaches half the requested dose. That is the admission test. A detectable shortfall rejects the operator, and the test is otherwise undetermined. We keep realised fitness φas the selector and re
标题:Combating Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Domain Adaptation via Knowledge Recasting
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28892
摘要:Adapting language models to new domains during post-training risks degrading previously acquired capabilities, a phenomenon commonly known as catastrophic forgetting. Existing mitigation methods largely treat forgetting as a consequence of excessive model drift. They therefore constrain updates by preserving old outputs, replaying old data, or regularizing changes to parameters and representations so that the updated model remains close to its previous state. We take a different view: Rather than pulling the updated model back toward its old state, we translate the new domain into the model's pre-existing knowledge space, making unfamiliar knowledge learnable through familiar procedures. Therefore, we propose Skill Schema Transport (SST), a post-training framework that transports new knowl
标题:RubricOpt: Self-Revision of Semantic Rubrics for Preference Optimization
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29491
摘要:A model's failures can reveal gaps in the behavioral criteria guiding its training. We introduce RubricOpt, a framework that lets a policy revise these criteria within preference optimization. The policy diagnoses its own rubric-free outputs, retains requirements already covered by the rubric, and edits clauses that leave recurring failures unaddressed. A shared semantic representation connects task demands, preference-data contrasts, and rubric clauses, while a deterministic gate checks evidence references and fixed semantic anchors. The rubric then guides Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) during training, with preference pairs, labels, and the objective held fixed, and is removed at evaluation. Our analysis relates the local effect on rubric-free success to semantic alignment and a re
标题:Stochastic Pruning of the DPO Computation Graph: 1.4x Faster Training and Lower Peak Memory
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29538
摘要:Direct preference optimization (DPO) incurs training costs in output scoring, sequence execution, and backpropagation, so reducing supervision alone does not necessarily save computation. We introduce a unified framework for stochastic pruning of the DPO computation graph that independently samples response positions for scoring, response prefixes for execution, and preference branches for backpropagation. By making these selections before the corresponding operations, the framework omits computation at each stage of a training step. Our analysis characterizes the objective changes induced by position and sequence pruning and uses inverse-probability weighting to obtain a conditionally unbiased single-branch gradient estimator for the sampled objective. Controlled measurements show that po
标题:ECHO: Emergent Common-Mode Hidden Offsets Drive Vocabulary Collapse in Preference Optimization
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29410
摘要:Preference optimization can improve every ranking metric while building a hidden, shared representation shift that the relative loss barely sees, one that can eventually destroy generation. We trace this failure to the common-mode offset, a shared directional shift in the model's hidden states that appears across token positions, prompts, and both chosen and rejected responses. Because it moves chosen and rejected representations together, the relative ranking loss barely reacts to its accumulation. As this offset grows, it projects onto the output layer to form a vocabulary well, elevating a single token's probability until it dominates decoding and causes generation collapse. The isolated offset alone reconstructs the vocabulary well, injecting the learned offset into an untreated base m
标题:Right On Q: Recovering Reasoning under Quantization via Self-Generated Trajectories
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29378
摘要:Quantization-aware training (QAT) aims to recover reasoning capabilities in low-bit large language models (LLMs). Existing recipes typically supervise the quantized student with the original full-precision model on fixed response sequences. However, the resulting low-bit quantized models still struggle on long-horizon reasoning tasks and often fail to terminate within a token budget that suffices for the full-precision model. We identify two challenges in closing this gap. First, fixed-response supervision leaves a mismatch between training prefixes and those encountered during student generation, and this trajectory divergence grows as responses lengthen. Second, on its own prefixes, the student underpredicts some next-token candidates and overpredicts others, and this distributional misa
标题:Don't Stop Long-Context Continual Pre-Training Too Early: An Empirical Scaling Law
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29352
摘要:Long-context continual pre-training (LCCP) is widely used to improve long-context capability, but how its benefits scale with the number of tokens used for LCCP remains unclear. We investigate this question through modeling, monitoring, and validating the benefits of scaling LCCP. First, we establish an empirical additive power law relating long-context performance to model size and the respective token budgets of short-context pre-training and LCCP. Experiments across five model scales and more than one hundred short- and long-context budget configurations show that the fitted law reproduces the observed trends and extrapolates well to held-out model scales. Second, we introduce \textsc{Constant-Last4}, a training and observation protocol that averages the four most recent consecutive che
循环 Transformer 会重复使用同一层块,训练时通常只对最后 k 次循环执行反向传播,论文提出从一次反向传播中精确计算各个 k 对应的权重梯度损失。实验覆盖九个循环语言模型,发现当总循环次数显著大于 k 时,训练后模型的梯度损失几乎不再随循环次数变化,说明损失主要由输出附近的循环决定。以每轮反向信号收缩率 ρ 得到的 ρ^k 可近似中等循环深度下的损失,但会高估长循环情形;在 Ouro 上,即使保留四次循环中的两次,仍会损失最终输出梯度的 81%。梯度损失在微调早期还会明显下降,但小规模测试未能证明该指标比无需测量的简单规则更能预测截断训练成本。
用途与启示
为循环 Transformer 选择截断反向传播深度 k 提供可精确测量的梯度损失指标。
提醒训练者不要直接用已训练模型上的梯度损失估计后续训练影响,因为该值会在微调过程中下降。
表明基于固定信号收缩率的指数近似在长循环下可能失真,需要考虑收缩率随深度漂移。
当前证据不足以支持用梯度损失替代简单经验规则进行训练成本决策,仍需更大规模验证。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:How Much Gradient Does Truncated Backprop Lose in Looped Transformers?
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28871
摘要:Looped transformers reuse one block of layers many times and are often trained by backpropagating through only the last k loops. We measure how much of the weight gradient this throws away, exactly and for every k from one backward pass, on nine looped language models, and report three findings. First, on a trained model this lost gradient is set near the output: once the loop count is well above k, it barely changes with the loop count (within about 0.03 from 32 to 64 loops on the three models we tested, as a pre-registered test predicted for Parcae). Where the backward signal shrinks, $ρ^k$, with $ρ$ the signal's fitted shrink per loop, approximates it at moderate loop counts but overstates it at long ones, because the fitted $ρ$ drifts up as the fit takes in more loops. On Ouro the sign
研究构建了一支由不同学科背景智能体组成的持久化 AI 科研团队,以正交探索降低架构搜索陷入局部最优的风险。每个智能体保留私有研究历史,同时与团队共享实验结果,并通过自适应机制获得提出和执行实验的机会。该团队被用于搜索线性注意力架构,所得架构在 1.3B 参数规模下的语言建模、常识推理以及合成和真实检索任务上优于 GDN2。消融实验表明,学科多样性、私有历史和自适应资源分配均是持续取得发现的关键组织组件。
用途与启示
为有限实验预算下的自主科学发现提供兼顾探索与利用的多智能体组织方案。
表明科研智能体的长期私有记忆能够在共享证据相同的情况下促进累积式创新。
可用于神经网络架构搜索、自动实验设计及其他高成本科学探索任务。
提示提升自主发现能力不仅依赖更强的基础智能体,也依赖团队构成、记忆机制和资源分配策略。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:Building AI Research Teams for Autonomous Discovery of Linear Attention Architectures
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28887
摘要:Autonomous agents can increasingly propose ideas, modify code, and run experiments, creating an opportunity to accelerate scientific discovery using teams of collaborative AI researchers. To escape local minima in the discovery, we propose to encourage orthogonal exploration by constructing the team using agents with varying expertise. However, realizing this design requires more than diverse backgrounds. When experiments are costly, a team can test only a limited number of ideas, thereby creating the need to balance exploration and exploitation when selecting a subset of researchers to propose and execute new experiments. Furthermore, each result should shape what the team tries next. We therefore ask how AI researchers with different scientific backgrounds can build on one another's find
SpecEvo:面向低成本科学发现的推测式演化框架
SpecEvo 通过轻量模型持续探索并整合搜索证据、前沿模型稀疏介入关键决策,在保持或提升科学发现效果的同时将 API 成本最多降低 80%。
标题:SpecEvo: Speculative Evolution with Large Language Models for Cost-Efficient Scientific Discovery
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28706
摘要:LLM-driven evolutionary search is a promising paradigm for scientific discovery, but existing methods remain costly and slow, often applying expensive reasoning uniformly while underusing evidence from failed, redundant, and saturated trials. We introduce Speculative Evolution (SpecEvo), a multi-LLM framework that coordinates lightweight and frontier models through continual consolidation of search evidence. Lightweight models power both parallel Speculators, which generate and refine candidate programs, and an Advisor, which distills accumulated successes, failures, and saturated directions into persistent guidance for subsequent exploration. At sparse checkpoints, a frontier-model Navigator inspects the evolving population and intervenes through synthesis, surgical refinement, or reframi
标题:The End of Consensus Research?
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30114
摘要:Consensus is a fundamental problem in distributed computing and at the core of state machine replication (SMR). Despite decades of active human research, discovering practical low-latency solutions to the problem is still open, as it requires combining protocol knowledge, correctness reasoning, implementation, and experimental evaluation. We report on how AI helped us discover A-greement, a new consensus protocol for geo-replicated state machines that significantly outperforms state-of-the-art solutions. Averaged across six deployments with 5 or 9 replicas, A-greement reduces the mean latency of a geo-distributed key-value store over the fastest baseline by 12.2% and 33.3% on write-heavy and read-heavy workloads, respectively, and matches the fastest baseline on read-only workloads. A-gree
标题:Where Should a Stuck Agent Spend Its Next Tokens? Causal Attribution of Inference-Time Resources
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28834
摘要:Inference-time scaling is often treated as a token-budget problem, but a failed coding agent can seek qualitatively different resources: computation, information, or feedback. We introduce Banzhaf Resource Attribution (BRA), a controlled factorial framework that measures each resource's marginal contribution to repair and its interactions while holding the failed state and revision protocol fixed. We evaluate six models on 194 function-level failures from MBPP+ and HumanEval+ and 126 repository-level failures from SWE-bench Verified. Task-relevant specifications consistently improve repair, whereas public-test feedback provides small gains and retrieved code little to none. The value of additional computation declines with model capability, while information remains useful; resource channe
标题:Differentially Private Sparse Reward Estimation with Preference Feedback
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30099
摘要:Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) has become a central paradigm for aligning Large Language Models with human values. However, the reliance on sensitive preference data necessitates rigorous differential privacy (DP) guarantees to prevent user information leakage. Existing private alignment methods typically assume dense reward parameterizations, resulting in estimation error bounds that scale polynomially with the ambient {model size $d$}. Such dependence is prohibitive in modern {overparameterized models} where $d$ is vast. In this work, we study \emph{Private Sparse RLHF} problem to address this limitation, assuming that human preferences (reward model) are governed by a subset of $s^* \ll d$ relevant features. We provide the first comprehensive theoretical framework for
标题:PerSPL: Personalized Semi-supervised Preference Learning
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29219
摘要:Personalized reward models require user-specific preference comparisons, but collecting such feedback is costly and provides only limited supervision for each user. At the same time, large pools of responses can be generated without user identities or preference labels, yet existing personalized reward models leave this data unused. Directly learning from these responses is difficult because pairwise objectives constrain relative scores within a prompt, whereas pseudo-labeling individual responses requires scores that are comparable across prompts for the same user. We propose \textbf{PerSPL} (Personalized Semi-supervised Preference Learning), a backbone-agnostic framework that uses pair-mean score centering to stabilize this cross-prompt score coordinate and iteratively turns unlabeled re
研究构建受控的 LLM-LLM 辩论框架,让两个模型角色围绕气候变化归因进行多轮讨论,其中一方被赋予立场,并在部分实验中被明确要求说服对方。实验覆盖 GPT-6 Luna 与 Gemini 2.5 Flash Lite 的四种有序组合,同时追踪角色显式报告的立场和逐轮对话行为。结果显示,同模型交互总体上会缩小意见差距,但这一现象仅在其中一个模型上较为明确;跨模型交互反而会扩大分歧。显式立场与对话内行为反映意见变化的不同侧面,而通用说服指令未能稳定提升影响力。
用途与启示
为多智能体交互中的意见传播、立场变化和操纵风险提供受控评估范式。
提示评估者应同时测量显式立场与实际对话行为,避免依赖单一自我报告指标。
表明模型组合本身会显著影响群体意见演化,部署多模型系统时需要进行组合级测试。
可用于研究说服指令、跨模型交互与社会性行为的安全边界。
📝 原始笔记(逐字保留)
标题:To Manipulate or Not: Opinion Dynamics in LLM Interactions
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28875
摘要:Large language models increasingly take part in extended conversations where they can both shape and be shaped by another party's views, yet most persuasion research measures only one side of that exchange. We introduce a controlled LLM-LLM debate framework in which two language-model roles repeatedly discuss a contested topic (climate-change attribution): one is given an assigned stance and, in some conditions, an explicit instruction to persuade, while the other receives no assigned position. Across four ordered model combinations involving GPT-6 Luna and Gemini 2.5 Flash Lite, we track both each role's explicitly reported position and a separate measure of its turn-by-turn behavior inside the conversation. Opinion dynamics differ substantially across model combinations: same-model inter
标题:DynaWeave: Learning to Adapt through Dynamic Scenario Synthesis
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29443
摘要:Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly use tools to complete tasks in stateful environments. However, many training environments remain largely static apart from changes caused by the agent's own actions, whereas external events introduced by other users, services, or sudden contingencies in real environments can invalidate ongoing plans. To address this gap, we introduce DynaWeave, an automated synthesis framework that transforms existing static tasks into verifiable dynamic scenarios. The framework generates exogenous events relevant to each task, covering changes in task requirements, environment state, and external information. It uses directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to represent dependencies between events and an execution engine to activate them during agent interaction. A dyn
标题:Cache Locally, Recompute Selectively for Streaming Video Understanding
来源:arXiv
链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29229
摘要:Streaming video understanding (SVU) requires video-LLMs to process incoming video continuously while answering user queries with low latency. Recent methods reduce query-time cost by prefilling frames into KV caches during idle time and reusing the cached KVs at query time. To bound per-frame computation over unbounded video streams, these methods restrict the context available during prefill. This creates a fundamental context mismatch: the restricted context may omit information needed to properly contextualize video tokens, yet, still contain information irrelevant to the eventual query, which is unknown during prefill. We propose FrameBlend, a simple yet effective plug-and-play method to address this mismatch through selective KV recomputation, without requiring any additional training